This is the story of the legendary Muhammad Al Fateh, following him from his childhood and how he was raised by his father to become a Caliph of Islam, through to his appointment as the Caliph of the Ottoman Empire at the tender age of 19 and subsequent rule. Without Constantinople under its jurisdiction, the Ottoman Empire was incomplete. And so, Sultan Muhammad Al­Fateh set out to conquer it. Al Fateh was not the first person to attempt conquering Constantinople. Many warriors and caliphs of Islam before him had tried in vain. Learning from their past failures, Al­Fateh carefully assembled and equipped his army. Finally, after an epic battle, Constatinople was conquered. Al Fateh changed the name of the city to Istanbul. At his peak, Al Fateh was the ruler of 25 countries. In the end, he was poisoned and killed by his enemies. Yet, the Ottoman Empire and legacy he left behind stayed standing strong.

Due to failing health from old age, Genghis Khan did not live to fulfill his dreams of conquering the world. Those dreams however lived on in the hearts of his heirs, one of whom was Hulagu Khan. Like his grandfather, Hulagu Khan was a genius in military tactics and a brave Monggol horse warrior. When he took up command, the Monggols already had control of Central Asia with plans to head west. However, one thing stood in their way of expanding their Mongol Empire. It was the flourishing Abbasiyah Empire in West Asia. Hulagu Khan’s sharp military tactics, combined with corruption amongst the rulers of the Abbasiyah Empire, finally saw the fall Baghdad. Conquered, Baghdad was destroyed. Its land turned red, swimming in the the blood of the scientists and philosophers killed. Its waters ran black with ink from the libraries of books thrown into the Tigris river. It was the end of the Abbassid dynasty. Though victorious, the Mongol Empire’s own end was near. Soon after the conquest of Aleppo and Damascus, Hulagu Khan’s advance to expand his empire in Arabia was halted after his defeat to courageous Mamluk army in Ain Jalut.

It was a time when the Umayyad Empire was aggressively expanding their jurisdiction. Finally, they reached the borders of Africa and Europe — a border separated by the narrow strip of a strait. The first commander to cross these straits and set foot on European soil was none other than Tariq ibn Ziyad. A brave and formidable warrior, Tariq was a smart strategist. He strategically took of advantage of the time the Christian rulers of Andalusia were engulfed in a civil war to attack and ultimately defeat them. Hence, the straits that he crossed was honoroubly named after him, as Jabal Tariq or Gibraltar. After the Andalusian soil was conquered, Tariq advanced towards Paris but was annihilated at the mountains of the Alps. Tariq was also forced to retreat because the Caliphs were worried they would lose contact with him. From then on forth, Andalusia became one of Europe’s shining stars amidst the dark ages.

Five hundred years ago the great walled city of Constantinople fell under the relentless siege of the Ottoman Turks led by Sultan Mehmed II, Mehmed the Conqueror. Kristovoulos, one of the vanquished Greeks, later entered into the service of the Conqueror and began to write a history of the Sultan's life, starting with the year 1451, the beginning of Mehmed's 31-year reign. Death apparently prevented Kritovoulos from completing his account, but the manuscript covering the first seventeen years has been preserved and this exciting chronicle is here translated into English for the first time. Charles T. Riggs, who died in February 1953 at Robert College in modern Istanbul, was a missionary in the Near East. Originally published in 1954. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

The historian and author of Strolling Through Istanbul presents a detailed portrait of the fifteenth century Ottoman sultan, revealing the man behind the myths. Sultan Mehmet II—known to his countrymen as The Conqueror, and to much of Europe as The Terror of the World—was once Europe's most feared and powerful ruler. Now John Freely, the noted scholar of Turkish history, brings this charismatic hero to life in evocative and authoritative biography. Mehmet was barely twenty-one when he conquered Byzantine Constantinople, which became Istanbul and the capital of his mighty empire. He reigned for thirty years, during which time his armies extended the borders of his empire halfway across Asia Minor and as far into Europe as Hungary and Italy. Three popes called for crusades against him as Christian Europe came face to face with a new Muslim empire. Revered by the Turks and seen as a brutal tyrant by the West, Mehmet was a brilliant military leader as well as a renaissance prince. His court housed Persian and Turkish poets, Arab and Greek astronomers, and Italian scholars and artists. In The Grand Turk, Freely sheds vital new light on this enigmatic ruler.

The world has known of Salahudin Al Ayubi’s name since the Second Crusade. It was a time when the Crusaders who conquered Baitulmaqdis wanted to expand their reign upon the divided Islamic nations. Rising up to protect the Islamic nations was Sultan Salahudin Al Ayubi. He successfully unified the broken nations and assembled a massive Muslim military of high calibre and discipline. United and strong, they successfully kept the Crusaders at bay and halted their invasion, returning Baitulmaqdis back into the hands of Islamic rulers. Yet, it did not end happily there. The European Crusades, led by King Richard of the Lionheart, thirsted for revenge. Under the King’s orders, they quickly executed their next move. The armies of the era’s two great kings struck swords. Emerging victorious from the clash of the kings was none other than Sultan Salahudin, who firmly held his reign over Baitulmaqdis. The city remained under Islamic rule until World War 2, where it fell to British occupation and into Christian hands as Jerusalem.