Tendon Regeneration: Understanding Tissue Physiology and Development to Engineer Functional Substitutes is the first book to highlight the multi-disciplinary nature of this specialized field and the importance of collaboration between medical and engineering laboratories in the development of tissue-oriented products for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM) strategies. Beginning with a foundation in developmental biology, the book explores physiology, pathology, and surgical reconstruction, providing guidance on biological approaches that enhances tendon regeneration practices. Contributions from scientists, clinicians, and engineers who are the leading figures in their respective fields present recent findings in tendon stem cells, cell therapies, and scaffold treatments, as well as examples of pre-clinical models for translational therapies and a view of the future of the field. - Provides an overview of tendon biology, disease, and tissue engineering approaches - Presents modern, alternative approaches to developing functional tissue solutions discussed - Includes valuable information for those interested in tissue engineering, tissue regeneration, tissue physiology, and regenerative medicine - Explores physiology, pathology, and surgical reconstruction, building a natural progression that enhances tendon regeneration practices - Covers recent findings in tendon stem cells, cell therapies, and scaffold treatments, as well as examples of pre-clinical models for translational therapies and a view of the future of the field

This book will be of considerable interest to students, practitioners (Doctors, Physiotherapists, and other health care professionals), and researchers who deal with the complex structure of tendons and the need to effectively address tendon disorders. The book is divided into three sections: (1) Basic Biology and Biochemical Markers; (2) Metabolic Disorders; and (3) Novel Therapies. The first section, devoted to the basic biology of tendons, is aimed at those individuals who want to gain basic information on tendons and the subsection on biochemical markers is chiefly aimed at researchers who are developing new studies within this field. The section on metabolic disorders is mainly directed at practitioners who desire to know how metabolic disorders can affect tendons in order to optimize treatment for their patients. Finally, the section on novel therapies is focused on some new treatment options within this field, and discussions regarding how management of tendon disorders needs to incorporate perspectives on current understanding of tendon metabolism.

Tendon injuries account for roughly half of the 33 million musculoskeletal injuries that occur every year. Of all patients seeking nonsurgical treatment, 29% eventually require surgery. The use of autografts, allografts, and xenografts have limitations associated with donor site morbidity, availability, and immunogenicity. Tissue engineering has emerged as a feasible approach to find treatments for injuries requiring tissue replacement through biodegradable scaffolds, stem cells, and biomolecules. Tissue engineering scaffolds serve to provide a temporary, biomimetic template for cells, as well as act as delivery vehicles for biomolecules, such as growth factors. Growth factors have been widely popular in tissue engineering owing to their importance in embryonic development and healing. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) has been extensively researched for its ability to encourage cell proliferation, inhibition of cell apoptosis, and collagen formation. The homology of insulin and IGF-1, structurally, as well as biologically, has motivated various comparative studies, as well as investigations in the use of insulin for tissue engineering applications. This work explored insulin as a bioactive factor in promoting tendon regeneration and investigated insulin delivery through electrospun blend fibers made from synthetic polymer, polycaprolactone and natural material, cellulose acetate. The treatment of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) with concentration of 100ng/ml showed increased expression of tendon related genes and ECM proteins, suggesting phenotypic development of MSCs towards tendon lineage. Insulin functionalized scaffolds were observed to support tendon differentiation of MSCs, in-vitro. The bioactive scaffolds were implanted in a rat Achilles tendon model and found to encourage better healing through greater collagen deposition and fiber organization. However, no significant findings were found in mechanical properties of the healed tissue when compared to control groups. Increase in collagen and matrix organization with no difference in mechanical property warrants further research in functional analysis of the tendon and exploration into possible early immunomodulation effects. For the first time, insulin has been investigated for use in tendon tissue engineering applications and shown to achieve better ECM organization with use of a bioactive insulin functionalized scaffold.

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Volumes for 1956- include selected papers from the proceedings of the American Veterinary Medical Association.