Reviews and summarizes the current strategies for controlling and mitigating algal growth within water treatment plants. Develops recommendations and guidance for utilities on sampling, analysis, control, and best practices to manage algal issues in water treatment plants.

This manual for conventional water treatment plants outlines monitoring strategies for detecting the onset of algae blooms in drinking water sources as well as treatment strategies for minimizing the adverse effects of algae on unit process performance and finished water quality. The manual draws on

Environmental remediation technologies to control or prevent pollution from hazardous waste material is a growing research area in academia and industry, and is a matter of utmost concern to public health, to improve ecology and to facilitate the redevelopment of a contaminated site. Recently, in situ and ex situ remediation technologies have been developed to rectify the contaminated sites, utilizing various tools and devices through physical, chemical, biological, electrical, and thermal processes to restrain, remove, extract, and immobilize mechanisms to minimize the contamination effects. This handbook brings altogether classical and emerging techniques for hazardous wastes, municipal solid wastes and contaminated water sites, combining chemical, biological and engineering control methods to provide a one-stop reference. This handbook presents a comprehensive and thorough description of several remediation techniques for contaminated sites resulting from both natural processes and anthropogenic activities. Providing critical insights into a range of treatments from chemical oxidation, thermal treatment, air sparging, electrokinetic remediation, stabilization/solidification, permeable reactive barriers, thermal desorption and incineration, phytoremediation, biostimulation and bioaugmentation, bioventing and biosparging through ultrasound-assisted remediation methods, electrochemical remediation methods, and nanoremediation, this handbook provides the reader an inclusive and detailed overview and then discusses future research directions. Closing chapters on green sustainable remediation, economics, health and safety issues, and environmental regulations around site remediation will make this a must-have handbook for those working in the field.

Legionnaires' disease, a pneumonia caused by the Legionella bacterium, is the leading cause of reported waterborne disease outbreaks in the United States. Legionella occur naturally in water from many different environmental sources, but grow rapidly in the warm, stagnant conditions that can be found in engineered water systems such as cooling towers, building plumbing, and hot tubs. Humans are primarily exposed to Legionella through inhalation of contaminated aerosols into the respiratory system. Legionnaires' disease can be fatal, with between 3 and 33 percent of Legionella infections leading to death, and studies show the incidence of Legionnaires' disease in the United States increased five-fold from 2000 to 2017. Management of Legionella in Water Systems reviews the state of science on Legionella contamination of water systems, specifically the ecology and diagnosis. This report explores the process of transmission via water systems, quantification, prevention and control, and policy and training issues that affect the incidence of Legionnaires' disease. It also analyzes existing knowledge gaps and recommends research priorities moving forward.

The last few years have brought about many changes in the field of marine and freshwater toxins, with advances in analytical technology and the realization that these toxins are a global issue. Offering a complete reference guide, Seafood and Freshwater Toxins: Pharmacology, Physiology, and Detection, Third Edition addresses all aspects of the social and scientific influence of phytotoxins, from legislation and monitoring to new drug development. Covering many new topics, the book examines three main aspects: monitoring of toxins; chemical, mechanistic, and toxicological diversity; and detection technologies. New to this edition: 35 new chapters and 5 updated chapters A focus on state-of-the-art methodology Coverage of new technologies to cultivate algae and to identify, isolate, and quantify toxins Regulatory changes Climate change evidence Expanded information on toxicology Part I of the book includes an overview and reviews general issues related to toxin detection, ecology, and diversity, and effects of climate change. Part II covers impacts of toxins regarding epidemiology, toxicology, economics, and surveillance. Part III explores available detection technologies, such as functional assays, biosensors, mass spectrometry, nanotechnology, and more. In addition, standard reference materials for toxins are discussed. Parts IV to VI provide detailed descriptions of toxin chemical diversity, biological sources, and modes of action. Part VII addresses the use of toxins as starting points for therapeutic drugs for cancer, neurological disorders, and for novel antibiotics.

High biomass algal blooms tend to occur when transport and mixing time scales exceed phytoplankton growth time scale, resulting in many detrimental effects to the ecosystem and possibly to humans. In order to implement appropriate management strategies to overcome the nuisance of such blooms, it is essential to study the hydrodynamic mechanisms influencing horizontal transport and mixing rates that in turn determine locations conducive to excessive phytoplankton growth. An integrated approach consisting of a theoretical method, a field experiment, historical data and three-dimensional hydrodynamic and ecological modeling was used to understand the physical processes affecting high biomass blooms of the diatom Aulacoseira sp. in the shallow upper Río de la Plata estuary (Argentina-Uruguay). Two high biomass blooms events impacted the drinking water treatment plants of the city of Buenos Aires (Argentina) causing a disruption to normal operation of the plants and risked the drinking water supply to more than 10 million people. Firstly, it was shown that the shallow nature of the estuary tends to direct the flow towards the deeper shipping channels, creating stagnation zones near the Argentinean boundary. Energy levels available for mixing were higher near the Uruguayan boundary and center of the estuary than in the stagnant region along the Argentinean margin. High discharge regimes were shown to also intensify mixing, as opposed to periods of low inflow rates. Secondly, it was demonstrated that these stagnation zones, combined with the transport of algae cells from contributing inflows, and low concentrations of suspended solids in the water column were the main drivers for the occurrence of two high biomass bloom events. Finally, three mitigation strategies were explored to decrease the effects of high biomass algae blooms on the drinking water intakes. An automated real-time and forecast management system was successfully implemented in the Río de la Plata estuary to monitor and predict the occurrence of Aulacoseira sp. near the drinking water intakes. Two engineering solutions were proposed and the results demonstrated that extending the drinking water intakes further offshore or placing groynes near the drinking water intakes would decrease the concentration of Aulacoseira sp. by up to 50 % and 40 % respectively.

This book discusses problems, challenges, and mitigation strategies in the wake of environmental degradation. It suggests proactive solutions to problems of environmental degradation for strategic planning as well as their effective delivery, and problems arising due to growth in population, industry, and land use change. The uniqueness of the book is its broader spectrum of coverage with related interconnections and interdependence of various aspects. Presenting a wide spectrum of viewpoints and approaches, the book covers topics, such as deforestation impacts (land use and land cover, soil erosion); impacts on climate change and human health; treatment of industrial, municipal, biological waste disposal and their impacts on soil, water, and air; recovery/remediation processes and technologies; impacts of pesticides and chemical fertilizers on soil degradation and groundwater; socio-economic environmental sustainability; and socio-economic health impacts. Particular focus is placed on strategic planning and methodological handling of environmental degradation and remediation through various processes and treatment technologies. This book will be useful to researchers, professionals, policy makers, and environmental engineers.