3D ultrasound shows a still image of a foetus, far more detailed than the 2D flat grey scale imaging. 4D ultrasound is more advanced, showing a moving image, allowing obstetricians to evaluate foetal well-being. It is also used by gynaecologists to examine uterine anomalies. The second edition of this book is a step by step guide to 3D and 4D ultrasound in obstetrics, gynaecology and infertility. Divided into seven sections, it begins with discussion on instruments and scanning techniques, and normal pelvic anatomy by ultrasound. The following chapters examine uterine lesions and the use of ultrasound for infertility evaluation. The final sections discuss 3D/4D ultrasound in early pregnancy and foetal anatomy and malformations in mid and late pregnancy. This concise handbook has been fully updated to include the latest developments in 3D/4D ultrasound, and includes nearly 220 detailed photographs and ultrasound images. Key points Fully updated, new edition presenting latest developments in 3D and 4D ultrasound in obstetrics, gynaecology and infertility Describes normal pelvic anatomy to help recognition of anomalies and malformations Includes numerous clinical photographs and ultrasound images Previous edition published in 2008

3D ultrasound shows a still image of a foetus, far more detailed than the 2D flat grey scale imaging. 4D ultrasound is more advanced, showing a moving image, allowing obstetricians to evaluate foetal well-being. It is also used by gynaecologists to examine uterine anomalies. This book is a practical guide to the use of 3D and 4D ultrasound in obstetrics and gynaecology. Divided into three sections, the text begins with an introduction to ultrasound, its working and application, its function, software, and volume calculation tools. Section Two covers clinical applications of volume ultrasound in obstetrics, explaining its use during the first trimester, for foetal abnormalities, for functional assessment of foetal brain development, and in labour. The final section discusses the application of ultrasound in gynaecology, covering uterine abnormalities, adnexal lesions, and in infertility. The book concludes with an appendix detailing different terms used by different brands. Key points Practical guide to use of 3D and 4D ultrasound in obstetrics and gynaecology Provides detailed explanation of ultrasound working, function and software Covers different uses of ultrasound for foetal monitoring, gynaecological disorders, and infertility Highly illustrated with detailed ultrasound images

Presented as 25 clinical scenarios, Step by Step: Case Studies in Obstetrics & Gynecology presents postgraduate trainees with the latest concepts in the management of obstetrical and gynaecological disorders. Designed to help trainees prepare for USMLE examinations, each case is presented in blocks and follows the same format – symptoms, history, investigation, management and follow up. Each block is followed by four multiple choice questions to help students ascertain their level of understanding. Written by Professor Sanja Kupesic Plavsic from Paul L Foster School of Medicine, Texas, this useful guide includes numerous images, illustrations and tables, as well as free access to www.jaypeecasestudies.com which covers the most common scenarios encountered in obstetrics and gynaecology. Key points 25 clinical case studies presenting trainees with latest concepts in obstetrics and gynaecology Helps preparation for USMLE exams Includes multiple choice questions to test knowledge Free access to www.jaypeecasestudies.com