Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden form a tightly integrated region which has strong ties with the euro area as well as some exposure to Russia. Using the IMF’s Global Integrated Monetary and Fiscal model (GIMF), we examine spillovers the region could face, focusing on possible scenarios from the rest of the euro area and Russia, and the fall in global oil prices. We show that the spillovers from these scenarios differ in magnitude and impact, regardless of the high degree of integration among the four Nordic economies. These differences are driven by the fact that Denmark and Finland have no independent monetary policy, and Denmark and Norway are net energy exporters while Finland and Sweden are energy importers. We infer lessons for policy from the outcomes.

This paper analyzes the transmission of shocks and policies among and across the Nordic economies and the rest of the world. This spillover analysis is based on a pair of estimated structural macroeconometric models of the world economy, disaggregated into thirty five national economies. We find that the Nordic economies are heavily exposed to external macroeconomic and financial shocks, but have significant scope to mitigate their domestic macroeconomic impacts through coordinated policy responses, given their high degree of regional integration.

Available online: https://pub.norden.org/nord2021-024/ This analysis sheds light on the Nordic region's environmental "spillover effect" as a result of our consumption, as well as other social effects.The results indicate that in general consumption-based emissions reveals that the global emissions continue to grow with transport as the biggest source to consumption-based CO2-e emissions from households in the Nordic countries, followed by food and housing. Also, there is a need for better due diligence, transparency and monitoring. Based on reported CO2-e intensities several shifts are suggested to be supported by policy instruments: 1. Shift from beef to other meat consumption. 2. Shift from meat to vegetables. 3. Reduce food waste. 4. Reduce air travel. 5. Shift from private cars to public transportation and soft mobility. 6. Prolong life of goods. 7. Respect human rights. 8. Reduce overall private consumption.

Applying the new economics of organisation and relational theories of the firm to the problem of understanding cross-national variation in the political economy, this volume elaborates a new understanding of the institutional differences that characterise the 'varieties of capitalism' worldwide.

This paper investigates price volatility and spillover effects in the Nordic electricity wholesale markets, comprising Sweden, Finland, Denmark, and Norway. Utilizing both the Time-Varying Parameter Vector Autoregressive (TVP-VAR) and Rolling Window-based VAR (RW-VAR) approaches, we analyze the integration dynamics among these regional markets and the impact of carbon prices on volatility spillovers. The study employs a rich dataset of 107,352 hourly prices spanning from January 2010 to March 2022. The novelty of this research is three-fold. Firstly, we adopt a connectedness approach to explore volatility interactions among the four Nordic markets, contributing to the scarce literature on volatility in this market. Secondly, we segment the Norwegian market into southern and northern regions, revealing differences in volatility spillover patterns. Lastly, we investigate the influence of carbon prices on volatility spillovers, shedding light on its role in market dynamics. We find significant connectedness between the Nordic markets, with an average volatility Total Connectedness Index of 52.4% and 50.9%. Sweden emerges as the sole net volatility spillover transmitter, while Denmark experiences the largest shocks from the system. We further find that carbon prices exert a 5% significant impact on the volatility spillover index, as estimated by the 200-days rolling window VAR.

This Selected Issues paper elaborates findings and discussions of 2013 Cluster Consultation Nordic Regional report. The countries have close economic and financial ties and face some common challenges and shared risks, such as large banking sectors and high household debt. The economic performance of the four continental Nordic economies (Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden—Nordic-4) ranks among the advanced economic development circle. It is analyzed that the large Nordic banking systems support relatively high levels of private sector debt. House price developments in the Nordic-4 pose a risk to broader macroeconomic stability in the context of strained household balance sheets.