"CHAIN GANG," Part Two A NEW TEAM...THE CHAIN GANG! BUT WILL THEY LAST? She-Spawn. Gunslinger Spawn. Medieval Spawn. The Reaper.

This volume contains the proceedings ofthe 4th Refinement Workshop which was organised by the British Computer Society specialist group in Formal Aspects of Computing Science and held in Wolfson College, Cambridge, on 9-11 January, 1991. The term refinement embraces the theory and practice of using formal methods for specifying and implementing hardware and software. Most of the achievements to date in the field have been in developing the theoretical framework for mathematical approaches to programming, and on the practical side in formally specifying software, while more recently we have seen the development of practical approaches to deriving programs from their speCifications. The workshop gives a fair picture of the state of the art: it presents new theories for reasoning about software and hardware and case studies in applying known theory to interesting small-and medium-scale problems. We hope the book will be Of interest both to researchers in formal methods, and to software engineers in industry who want to keep abreast of possible applications of formal methods in industry. The programme consisted both of invited talks and refereed papers. The invited speakers were Ib S0rensen, Jean-Raymond Abrial, Donald MacKenzie, Ralph Back, Robert Milne, Mike Read, Mike Gordon, and Robert Worden who gave the introductory talk. This is the first refinement workshop that solicited papers for refereeing, and despite a rather late call for papers the response was excellent.

The complete spectrum of computing fundamentals starting from abc of computer to internet usage has been well covered in simple and readers loving style, The language used in the book is lucid, is easy to understand, and facilities easy grasping of concepts, The chapter have been logically arranged in sequence, The book is written in a reader-friendly manner both the students and the teachers, Most of the contents presented in the book are in the form of bullets, organized sequentially. This form of presentation, rather than in a paragraph form, facilities the reader to view, understand and remember the points better, The explanation is supported by diagrams, pictures and images wherever required, Sufficient exercises have been included for practice in addition to the solved examples in every chapter related to C programming, Concepts of pointers, structures, Union and file management have been extensively detailed to help advance learners, Adequate exercises have been given at the end of the every chapter, Pedagogy followed for sequencing the contents on C programming supported by adequate programming examples is likely to help the reader to become proficient very soon, 200 problems on C programming & their solutions, 250 Additional descriptive questions on C programming.

This book contains the best papers of the First International Conference on Software and Data Technologies (ICSOFT 2006), organized by the Institute for Systems and Technologies of Information, Communication and Control (INSTICC) in cooperation with the Object Management Group (OMG). Hosted by the School of Business of the Polytechnic Institute of Setubal, the conference was sponsored by Enterprise Ireland and the Polytechnic Institute of Setúbal. The purpose of ICSOFT 2006 was to bring together researchers and practitioners int- ested in information technology and software development. The conference tracks were “Software Engineering”, “Information Systems and Data Management”, “Programming Languages”, “Distributed and Parallel Systems” and “Knowledge Engineering.” Being crucial for the development of information systems, software and data te- nologies encompass a large number of research topics and applications: from imp- mentation-related issues to more abstract theoretical aspects of software engineering; from databases and data-warehouses to management information systems and kno- edge-base systems; next to that, distributed systems, pervasive computing, data quality and other related topics are included in the scope of this conference. ICSOFT included in its program a panel to discuss the future of software devel- ment, composed by six distinguished world-class researchers. Furthermore, the c- ference program was enriched by a tutorial and six keynote lectures. ICSOFT 2006 received 187 paper submissions from 39 countries in all continents.

From the pages of Spawn's Universe, the DISRUPTOR returns But Spawn is already fighting another battle. How can he be in two places at the same time? And if he can't be then someone dies!

The Guardians' most enigmatic member gets a well-earned break, but will Le Brusier's day off turn into a dog day afternoon? Plus, a villainoussss threat returnssss!

Foreword by Bjarne Stroustrup Software is generally acknowledged to be the single greatest obstacle preventing mainstream adoption of massively-parallel computing. While sequential applications are routinely ported to platforms ranging from PCs to mainframes, most parallel programs only ever run on one type of machine. One reason for this is that most parallel programming systems have failed to insulate their users from the architectures of the machines on which they have run. Those that have been platform-independent have usually also had poor performance. Many researchers now believe that object-oriented languages may offer a solution. By hiding the architecture-specific constructs required for high performance inside platform-independent abstractions, parallel object-oriented programming systems may be able to combine the speed of massively-parallel computing with the comfort of sequential programming. Parallel Programming Using C++ describes fifteen parallel programming systems based on C++, the most popular object-oriented language of today. These systems cover the whole spectrum of parallel programming paradigms, from data parallelism through dataflow and distributed shared memory to message-passing control parallelism. For the parallel programming community, a common parallel application is discussed in each chapter, as part of the description of the system itself. By comparing the implementations of the polygon overlay problem in each system, the reader can get a better sense of their expressiveness and functionality for a common problem. For the systems community, the chapters contain a discussion of the implementation of the various compilers and runtime systems. In addition to discussing the performance of polygon overlay, several of the contributors also discuss the performance of other, more substantial, applications. For the research community, the contributors discuss the motivations for and philosophy of their systems. As well, many of the chapters include critiques that complete the research arc by pointing out possible future research directions. Finally, for the object-oriented community, there are many examples of how encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism can be used to control the complexity of developing, debugging, and tuning parallel software.