Certain enzymes that are secreted by microbes such as fungi and bacteria present in the marine environment are called marine enzymes. These microbes secrete different enzymes based on their ecological functions and habitat. Marine microorganisms and their enzymes can function in environments with high pressure and light, high salt concentrations, and in a wide variety of temperatures. Marine enzymes are a significant source of biocatalysis. Fermentation process can be used to produce and extract marine enzymes from animals, microorganisms, and plants. Enzymes generated by marine microorganisms are used in a variety of sectors, including textiles, chemical, pharmaceuticals, biomedicine, agriculture, and food processing. Marine enzymes exhibit a wide range of pharmacological uses, and can be used as pesticides, mycotoxins, pigments, antiparasitics, antibiotics, herbicides, antitumor agents, toxins, and growth promoters for both plants and animals. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends with respect to the sources, biocatalytic characteristics, and bioprocesses of marine enzymes. It will help the readers in keeping pace with the rapid changes in this area of study.

Marine bioprospecting is a highly topical subject - in both applied and basic research - but, as yet, the marine ecosystem is a relatively unexplored source of natural bioactive substances with potential therapeutic activity. This book addresses the use of marine enzymes in biocatalysis through a series of chapters from leading scientists within academic and industrial fields. Biocatalytic processes can take advantage of the habitat-related properties of marine enzymes, such as salt tolerance, hyperthermostability, barophilicity, cold adaptivity, and so on, whilst also taking into consideration substrate specificity and affinity. These evolved properties are linked to the metabolic functions of the enzymes and to the ecological aspects of the natural source. New properties can also be discovered at the molecular level of catalysis, particularly concerning the stereochemical characteristics of products.Marine enzymes for biocatalysis initially examines the nature and level of interest in marine biological diversity, and outlines the fundamentals of biocatalysis. It goes on to detail sources of marine enzymes, and to analyse examples from both chemical and stereochemical viewpoints of catalysis, including microbial enzymes and animal or plant sources. The book goes on to explore the future potential of marine bioprospecting in biocatalysis. Compiles studies from leading scientists in a direct and accessible format. Includes practical descriptions of results, adding further details not often covered in formal articles Takes a molecular view which fully explains the enzymatic aspects of reactions, particularly regarding biocatalytic characteristics and descriptions of bioprocesses Selects examples of chemical and stereochemical aspects of enzymatic action with respect to known terrestrial counterparts

This book presents contributions from scientists who are directly involved in the potential of marine enzymes as useful tools in biocatalysis; the results of enzymatic bioprospecting in gross marine environments are acknowledged, including two review articles on general enzymatic processes and microalgal enzymes. In addition, studies on structural characterizations, biological functions and aspects related to the complexity of marine enzyme-based bioprocesses are discussed. Prominent conclusions by many scientists in the field of marine biotechnology emphasize that, due to marine biological diversity and the specificity of biological marine metabolisms, the study of biocatalysts on a global scale from this environment is just starting, and possesses huge potential for the development of applications with industrial benefits.

Marine Enzymes Biotechnology: Production and Industrial Applications, Part II - Marine Organisms Producing Enzymes provides a huge treasure trove of information on marine organisms. Nowadays, marine organisms are good candidates for enzymes production and have been recognized as a rich source of biological molecules that are of potential interest to various industries. Marine enzymes such as amylases, carboxymethylcellulases, proteases, chitinases, keratinases, xylanases, agarases, lipases, peroxidase and tyrosinases are widely used in the industry for the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, foods, beverages, and confectioneries, as well as in textile and leather processing, and in waste water treatment. The majority of the enzymes used in the industry are of microbial origin because microbial enzymes are relatively more stable than the corresponding enzymes derived from plants and animals. Focuses on the isolation, characterization, and industrial application of marine enzymes Provides current trends and development of industrial important marine enzymes, including amylases, carboxymethylcellulases, proteases, chitinases, keratinases, xylanases, agarases, lipases, peroxidase, and tyrosinases Presents insights into current trends and approaches for marine enzymes

Oceans include the greatest extremes of pressure, temperature and light, and habitats can range from tropical waters to ocean trenches, several kilometers below sea level at high pressure. With its 70% of the surface of our planet marine ecosystem still remains largely unexplored, understudied and underexploited in comparison with terrestrial ecosystems, organisms and bioprocesses. The biological adaptation of marine organisms to a wide range of environmental conditions in the specific environment (temperature, salinity, tides, pressure, radiation, light, etc.) has made them an enormous reservoir of interesting biological material for both basic research and biotechnological improvements. As a consequence marine ecosystem is valued as a source of enzymes and other biomolecules exhibiting new functions and activities to fulfill human needs. Indeed, in recent years it has been recognised as an untapped source of novel enzymes and metabolites even though, with regard to the assignment of precise biological functions to genes, proteins and enzymes, it is still considered as the least developed. Using metagenomics to recover genetic material directly from environmental samples, this biogenetic diversification can be accessed but despite the contributions from metagenomic technologies the new field requires major improvements. A few words on the complexity of marine environments should be added here. This complexity ranges from symbiotic relationships to biology and chemistry of defence mechanisms and from chemoecology of marine invasions up to the strategies found in prokaryotes to adapt to extreme environments. The interdisciplinary study of this complexity will enable researchers to find an arsenal of enzymes and pathways greatly demanded in biotechnological applications. As far as marine enzymes are concerned they may carry novel chemical and stereochemical properties, thus biocatalytically oriented studies (testing of suitable substrates, appropriate checking of reaction conditions, study of stereochemical asset of catalysis) should be performed to appropriately reveal this “chemical biodiversity” which increases interest for these enzymes. Among other biomolecules, polysaccharides are the most abundant renewable biomaterial found on land and in oceans. Their molecular diversity is very interesting; except polysaccharides used traditionally in food and non-food industries, the structure and the functionality of most of them are unknown and unexplored. Brown seaweeds synthesize unique bioactive polysaccharides: laminarans, alginic acids and fucoidans. A wide range of biological activities (anticoagulant, antitumor, antiviral, anti-inflammation, etc.) have been attributed to fucoidans and their role with respect to structure-activity relationship is still under debate. In this Research Topic, we wish to centralize and review contributions, idea and comments related to the issues above. In particular results of enzymatic bioprospecting in gross marine environment will be acknowledged along with research for structural characterization and biological function of biomolecules such as marine polysaccharides and all kind of research related to the complexity of bioprocesses in marine environments. Inter- and multi-disciplinary approach to this field is favoured in this Research Topic and could greatly be facilitated by the web and open access nature as well.

Marine Enzymes Biotechnology: Production and Industrial Applications, Part I, Production of Enzymes provides a huge treasure trove of information on marine organisms. Nowadays, marine organisms are good candidates for enzymes production and have been recognized as a rich source of biological molecules that are of potential interest to various industries. Marine enzymes such as amylases, carboxymethylcellulases, proteases, chitinases, keratinases, xylanases, agarases, lipases, peroxidase and tyrosinases are widely used in the industry for the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, foods, beverages, and confectioneries, as well as in textile and leather processing, and in waste water treatment. The majority of the enzymes used in the industry are of microbial origin because microbial enzymes are relatively more stable than the corresponding enzymes derived from plants and animals. Focuses on the isolation, characterization, and industrial application of marine enzymes Provides current trends and development of industrial important marine enzymes, including amylases, carboxymethylcellulases, proteases, chitinases, keratinases, xylanases, agarases, lipases, peroxidase, and tyrosinases Presents insights into current trends and approaches for marine enzymes

Enzymatic Processes for Food Valorization describes the most recent research in the field of catalysis for food valorization, revealing the impact of the implementation of enzymatic catalysis in the different stages that make up the production processes. Sections review advances in food processing using enzymes, explore the use of enzymes on by-products for the release of compounds of interest, and show recent trends in biocatalysis and its application in the food industry. Written by a team of international experts, this is an invaluable guide for professionals in the area of enzyme technology applied in the food industry, as well as technicians and scientists involved in the use of enzymes on food waste for the valorization and/or recovery of compounds. Brings updated content on trends in enzymatic processes for food valorization Presents the main enzymes used in food processing and technology to improve organoleptic and quality attributes Includes the application of enzymes for the valorization of by-products generated during food processing for an eventual recovery of bioactive Explores how food by-products can be used as fermentation substrates for the production of enzymes of industrial interest