The dramatic intensification and diversification of global aquaculture has made aquaculture an important food-producing sector, providing an essential source of aquatic protein for a growing human population. The sector is recognised as creator of jobs and an important source of foreign export earnings for both developed and developing countries. However, the expanded global movements of live aquatic animals have been accompanied by the transboundary spread of a wide variety of pathogens necessitating the routine use of veterinary medicines to prevent and treat disease outbreaks, assure healthy stocks and maximise production. The use of appropriate antimicrobial treatments is one of the most effective management responses to such emergencies, but their inappropriate use can lead to increased frequency of bacterial resistance, potential transfer of resistance genes in bacteria from the aquatic environment to other bacteria, and the occurrence of bacterial residues in aquaculture products resulting in bans by importing countries. The FAO/AAHRI Expert Workshop on Improving Biosecurity through Prudent and Responsible Use of Veterinary Medicines in Aquatic Food Production was convened in Bangkok, Thailand, from 15 to 18 December 2009, to understand the current status of the use of antimicrobials in aquaculture, and to discuss the concerns and impacts of their irresponsible use on human health, the aquatic environment and trade. The discussions became the basis for drafting recommendations targeted at government and private sectors, and for developing guiding principles on the responsible use of antimicrobials in aquaculture to be considered as part of future FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (CCRF) Technical Guidelines for Responsible Fisheries on Prudent and Responsible Use of Veterinary Medicines in Aquaculture. Part 1 of this publication contains 15 technical background papers presented during the expert workshop, contributed by 29 specialists. Part 2 contains the highlights of the expert workshop. Because aquaculture is expected to continue to increase its contribution to the world's production of aquatic food, offer opportunities to alleviate poverty, increase employment and community development, and reduce overexploitation of natural aquatic resources, appropriate guidance to aquaculture stakeholders on the responsible use of veterinary medicines has become essential. Safe and effective veterinary medicines need to be available for efficient aquaculture production, and their use should be in line with established principles on prudent use to safeguard public and animal health. The use of such medicines should be part of national and on-farm biosecurity plans and in accordance with an overall national policy for sustainable aquaculture.

This truly comprehensive treatise of foldamers, from synthesis to applications in bio-, material-, and nanoscience is at once an introduction to the topic, while providing in-depth accounts on various aspects clearly aimed at the specialist. The book is clearly structured, with the first part concentrating on structure and foldamer design concepts, while the second part covers functional aspects from properties to applications. The international team of expert authors provides overviews of synthetic approaches as well as analytical techniques.

Antibiotics are drugs of natural or synthetic origin that have the capacity to kill or to inhibit the growth of micro-organisms. Antibiotics that are sufficiently non-toxic to the host are used as chemotherapeutic agents in the treatment of infectious diseases of humans, animals and plants. They have long been present in the environment and have played a crucial role in the battle between man and microbe. Many bacterial species multiply rapidly enough to double their numbers every 20-30 minutes, so their ability to adapt to changes in the environment and survive unfavourable conditions often results in the development of mutations that enable the species to survive changing external conditions. Another factor contributing to their adaptability is that individual cells do not rely on their own genetic resources. Many, if not all, have access to a large pool of itinerant genes that move from one bacteria cell to another and spread through bacterial populations through a variety of mobile genetic elements, of which plasmids and transposable elements are two examples. The capacity of bacteria to adapt to changes in their environment and thus survive is called resistance. Drug choices for the treatment of common infectious diseases are becoming increasingly limited and expensive and, in some cases, unavailable due to the emergence of drug resistance in bacteria and fungi - resistance that is threatening to reverse much medical progress of the past 50 years. Dissemination of resistant micro-organisms may occur in both hospitals and communities. It is recognized that a major route of transmission of resistant microorganisms from animals to humans is through the food chain. In aquaculture, antibiotics have been used mainly for therapeutic purposes and as prophylactic agents. The contribution to antimicrobial resistance of antibiotics used in aquaculture is reviewed here, using a risk analysis framework. Some recommendations on responsible conduct in this context are proposed, aimed at diminishing the threat of build up of antimicrobial resistance.

Learn to knit using your arms and fingers—no need for needles If you like large-scale knits or you appreciate the bigger stitches and open texture you can achieve by knitting with your arms or fingers, then you will find plenty of inspiration in ‘Arm and Finger Knitting’. Breaking free from the constraints of normal needle sizes, Laura Strutt demonstrates how to do all the usual stitches and techniques using just your arms and hands, from plain knit stitch to seed stitch, increasing and decreasing, and knitting with two or more strands of yarn at a time. To make the best use of the unique texture and scale of no-needle knitting, she has designed 35 stylish projects for you to make, for the home and to wear. There are stylish arm-knitted scarves, and throws, but also a simple stool cover, a stylish gilet, and a shawl you can knit in under an hour. Using finger knitting, you can quickly create place settings, a bath mat, and even a necklace. A photographically-illustrated step by step guide to techniques covers everything you need to know, from casting on to cabling, clearly and simply. It’s no wonder there is so much interest in arm and finger knitting when you can get spectacular results in such a short time.

Covers all facets of the synthesis of ß-amino acids As evidenced by an exponential increase in the literature published on the subject, interest in ß-amino acids has grown over the past several years. With major pharmaceutical applications, these amino acids are now studied across multiple lines of research, including combinatorial chemistry, medicinal chemistry, molecular design, proteomics, and others. This Second Edition of Enantioselective Synthesis of ß-Amino Acids updates reviews included in the First Edition while also covering new developments since its publication. The book presents detailed discussions of the most important methods for the synthesis of ß-amino acids. In most cases, the lead chemist who originally developed a method provides an authoritative description of it. In addition, Enantioselective Synthesis of ß-Amino Acids, Second Edition: * Features introductory overviews on the structural types of relevant ß-amino acid targets and salient ß-amino acids present in natural products * Dedicates several chapters to advances in the synthesis of oligomers from ß-amino acids * Includes general and practical procedures for the preparation of ß-amino acids in each chapter * Discusses the most important methods that have been recently developed for the asymmetric synthesis of cyclic and open-chain ß-amino acids * Includes a report on the preparation of libraries of enantiopure ß-amino acids using combinatorial approaches The only book of its kind available today, Enantioselective Synthesis of ß-Amino Acids, Second Edition offers upper-level students and professionals an essential resource for pharmaceutical development, medicinal chemistry, and biochemistry.

A master of family therapy, Salvador Minuchin, traces for the first time the minute operations of day-to-day practice. Dr. Minuchin has achieved renown for his theoretical breakthroughs and his success at treatment. Now he explains in close detail those precise and difficult maneuvers that constitute his art. The book thus codifies the method of one of the country's most successful practitioners.

"Second Edition" Since its publication in 1988, "The Addictive Personality" has helped people understand the process of addiction. Now, through this second edition, author Craig Nakken brings new depth and dimension to our understanding of how an individual becomes an addict. Going beyond the definition that limits dependency to the realm of alcohol and other drugs, Nakken uncovers the common denominator of all addiction and describes how the process is progressive. Through research and practical experience, Nakken sheds new light on: Genetic factors tied to addiction Cultural influences on addictive behaviors The progressive nature of the disease Steps to a successful recovery The author examines how addictions start, how society pushes people toward addiction, and what happens inside those who become addicted. This new edition will help anyone seeking a better understanding of the addictive process and its impact on our lives. "Craig Nakken, M.S.W." a certified chemical dependency practitioner, is a lecturer at the Rutgers School of Alcohol Studies and the Florida School of Addictions. A worker in the field of addictions for more than 25 years, Nakken has a private practice in St. Paul, Minnesota and lectures nationally and internationally on topics related to addiction studies.