This books presents a brief review of modern concepts of the Sun-Earth problem and proposed physical mechanisms of solar-terrestrial relations (STR). This field covers a wide range of fundamental and actual applied problems of paramount importance (Space Weather, radiation hazard in space, functioning of space-borne and ground-based technological systems, heliobiology etc.). It is also closely tied with some general gnosiological problems. The author provides state-of-the-art information about existing problems and discusses different channels for extraterrestrial influences at the up-to-date level: electromagnetic waves and fields, total solar irradiance, solar wind, energetic solar particles, galactic cosmic rays, cosmic dust, etc. Some of the well-known and suggested STR effects and corresponding physical mechanisms are illustrated by several examples. In particular, a number of different external “signals” in observed changes of terrestrial climate and weather are considered. Especially, an expected impact of geophysical disturbances on the accuracy of some precise physical measurements and experiments is analysed. Due attention is paid to the heliobiological aspects of STR. Particular emphasis is on the multifactor nature of magneto-biological effect (MBE), its non-stationary and non-linear behaviour. The author also discusses main features of different physical mechanisms (electromagnetic fields, ionising radiation, triggers, rhythmic and resonances in solar-terrestrial systems) and their applicability to the Sun-Earth problem. The most of them are still needed in more sophisticated theoretical development and experimental confirmation. The main goals of interdisciplinary studies in this field are to determine partial impacts of solar-geomagnetic variability on the terrestrial environments and estimate (separate) relative contributions of different factors into various STR phenomena. The book is based on lectures given on advanced undergraduate level and will also benefit newcomers (physicists and engineers) to the field.

TO SOLAR TERRESTRIAL RELATIONS PROCEEDINGS OF THE SUMMER SCHOOL IN SPACE PHYSICS HELD IN ALPBACH, AUSTRIA, JULY 1S-AUGUST 10,1963 AND ORGANIZED BY THE EUROPEAN PREPARATORY COMMISSION FOR SPACE RESEARCH (COPERS) Edited by J. ORTNER European Space Research Organisation. Paris and H. MAS ELAND Sterrewacht ' Sonnenborgh' • Utrecht D. REIDEL PUBLISHING COMPANY DORDRECHT-HOLLAND e-ISBN-13:978-94-010-3590-3 IS8N-13:978-94-0 10-3592-7 00110. 1007/978-94-010-3590-3 '96' Softoover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1965 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced in any fonn. by print, photoprint, microfilm, or any other means without permission from the publisher FOREWORD The textbook presented in the following is composed of the proceedings of the Summer School in Space Physics held during the summer months of 1963. This Summer School was organized by the Preparatory Commission (COPERS) of the European Space Research Organisation (ESRO). It was the first time that such a summer course was held in Europe on a subject of space physics. Thanks to an invitation from the Austrian Government these lectures were given in the College House of Alpbach, Tyrol. Eight outstanding European scientists each presented five two-hour lectures on topics covering the region between the Sun and the Earth. The courses contained the physics of the Sun, the Interplanetary Medium and Trapped Radiation, the Ionosphere and High Latitude Phenomena. Furthermore, a course on space instrumentation was given. Sixty students were selected to attend the courses.

Observations and physical concepts are interwoven to give basic explanations of phenomena and also show the limitations in these explanations and identify some fundamental questions. Compared to conventional plasma physics textbooks this book focuses on the concepts relevant in the large-scale space plasmas. It combines basic concepts with current research and new observations in interplanetary space and in the magnetospheres. Graduate students and young researchers starting to work in this special field of science, will find the numerous references to review articles as well as important original papers helpful to orientate themselves in the literature. Emphasis is on energetic particles and their interaction with the plasma as examples for non-thermal phenomena, shocks and their role in particle acceleration as examples for non-linear phenomena. This second edition has been updated and extended. Improvements include: the use of SI units; addition of recent results from SOHO and Ulysses; improved treatment of the magnetosphere as a dynamic phenomenon; text restructured to provide a closer coupling between basic physical concepts and observed complex phenomena.