Estimation of Stochastic Processes is intended for researchers in the field of econometrics, financial mathematics, statistics or signal processing. This book gives a deep understanding of spectral theory and estimation techniques for stochastic processes with stationary increments. It focuses on the estimation of functionals of unobserved values for stochastic processes with stationary increments, including ARIMA processes, seasonal time series and a class of cointegrated sequences. Furthermore, this book presents solutions to extrapolation (forecast), interpolation (missed values estimation) and filtering (smoothing) problems based on observations with and without noise, in discrete and continuous time domains. Extending the classical approach applied when the spectral densities of the processes are known, the minimax method of estimation is developed for a case where the spectral information is incomplete and the relations that determine the least favorable spectral densities for the optimal estimations are found.

A 'stochastic' process is a 'random' or 'conjectural' process, and this book is concerned with applied probability and statistics. Whilst maintaining the mathematical rigour this subject requires, it addresses topics of interest to engineers, such as problems in modelling, control, reliability maintenance, data analysis and engineering involvement with insurance.This book deals with the tools and techniques used in the stochastic process – estimation, optimisation and recursive logarithms – in a form accessible to engineers and which can also be applied to Matlab. Amongst the themes covered in the chapters are mathematical expectation arising from increasing information patterns, the estimation of probability distribution, the treatment of distribution of real random phenomena (in engineering, economics, biology and medicine etc), and expectation maximisation. The latter part of the book considers optimization algorithms, which can be used, for example, to help in the better utilization of resources, and stochastic approximation algorithms, which can provide prototype models in many practical applications.*An engineering approach to applied probabilities and statistics *Presents examples related to practical engineering applications, such as reliability, randomness and use of resources*Readers with varying interests and mathematical backgrounds will find this book accessible

In this article these two-filter results and some new ones are derived in a simple way in a very general setting (for arbitrary nonstationary processes). It turns out however that only if a wide-sense (i.e. second order) Markovian assumption is added can one of the filters be viewed as a backwards filter. The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 recalls some smoothing formulae that apply to both continuous and discrete observations. Section 3 discusses two types of two-filter-like formulae for general nonstationary processes. In Section 4 one of the filters is shown to be a backwards least squares estimate provided a wide sense Markovian assumption is satisfied. Section 5 contains a derivation of some backwards filters. In Section 6 some additional two-filter-like formulae are given. The final section is a conlusion.