This book focuses on bioconversion of lignocellulosic residues into single-cell protein, which offers an alternative to conventional proteins (such as soybean meal, egg protein or meat protein in animal feed) that is not affected by the climate. It provides an overview of the general uses of lignocellulosic residues and their bioconversion into single-cell protein using microorganisms, as well as the recovery of the valuable by-products. It also explores the benefits and potential drawbacks of single-cell protein, with an emphasis on the economic advantages of such processes. Given its multidisciplinary scope, the book represents a valuable resource for academics and industry practitioners interested in the production of single-cell protein from lignocellulosic residues.

In early 1973, I returned to Israel from a post-doctoral fellowship at Harvard University, and was accepted as a lecturer in the Department of Applied Microbiology at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Shortly after my return, Professor Richard Mateles, who at that time was head of the Department, suggested that I purchase a good and comprehensive book on single cell protein (SCP) in order to expand my general knowledge in the subject I had started then to work on; that was microbial utilization of one-carbon (C ) compounds. l Naturally, I took his advice (after all, he was the Boss) and bought the book, which was the only general book published on this subject at that time, and was based on papers presented at the First International Conference on Single Cell Protein, held at the Massachussetts Institute of Technology (M.I.T.), on October 1967 (Mateles and Tannenbaum, editors) [1]. Through this book I became acquainted with the world's hunger problem that existed in the past, and ways in which it was to be solved by SCP products prepared from CO , fossil-based raw 2 materials, and from wastes.

ABSTRACT: Technical alternatives for the production ofSingle-Cell Protein (SCP), and the operational and economicaspects of these alternatives are discussed. Topics include:1) SCP for human and animal consumption; 2) cellcollection, fermentation, and protein extraction techniques;3) production and processing methods; 4) uses of carob,agricultural wastes, cane, coffee, whey, sulfite liquor,methane, and yeast in SCP production; 5) evaluation methods;6) marketing procedures; and 7) international applicationsand guidelines.

Pretreatment and degradation of lignocellulosis materials; Principles for pre-treatment of cellulose substances; Prospects in the United States for using lignocellulosic materials; Biodegradation of lignin by Phanerochaete chrysosporium; Progress and problems in the utilization of cellulosic materials; Strain improvement for the production of microbial enzymes for biomass conversion; Microbial delignification of ligno-cellulosic materials; Sulfur free pre-treatment of lignocellulosic materials; Production of SCP enriched substrates from cellulosic materials; Cellulases: delicate exoproteins - demonstratin of multienzyme complexes within the culture fluid of Trichoderma reesei; Lignin and lignocellulose; Factors determining lignin decomposition and in vitro degestibility of wheat straw during solid state fermentation with white rot fungi; Solid culture using alkali treated straw and cellulolytic fungi; Studies on the extracellular cellulotytic enzyme system of Chaetomium cellulotyticum; Process development; Pre-treatment and conversion of straw into protein in a solid-state culture; Pre-treatment of cereal straws and poor quality hays; Production of mycelial biomass on waste water in a rotating disc fermenter; Protein erichment of pretreated lignocellulosic materials by fungal fermentation; Carbohydrates; Protein enrichment of starchy materials by solid state fermentation; Solic state fermentation of cassava with Rhizopus oligosporus NRRL 2710; Utilisation de la bagasse traitee par la soude pour la production de proteines d'organismes unicellulaires; Conversion of agricultural and industrial wastes for cellulose hydrolysis; Cellulose hydrolosis of papermill sludge; Protein enrichment of sugar beet pulps by solid state fermentation; Single cell protein from whey; General aspects of production of biomass by yeast fermentation from whey and permeate; Utilisation of whey and ultrafiltration permeates; Upgrading of mild UF-permeate by yeast fermentation - semiindustrial trials and economy; Industrial production of S.C.P. from whey; Study of S.C.P. production from starch; Whey as a source for microorganisms / amino acid pattern; SCP production from whey: scale-up of a process; Nutrition and toxicology; The animal nutritionists' dream of a new SCP; Toxicological evaluation of SCP produced from whey; Milk ultrafiltration permeate fermented by yeast: nutritive value for growing pigs; Methods of evaluation of energy and protein values for pigs of three yeast grown on alcanes; Economic considerations regarding SCP in animal feeding; Community guidelines fro the assessment of non-traditional products obtained through the culture of microorganisms and used in animal nutrition.

Dried biomass of microbes, better known as SCP can be served as alternative protein to human beings and can also be supplied to animals. In addition to approximately 60- 82% protein content, SCP biomass also comprise of vitamins, fats, minerals and carbohydrate. Most microbes and algae have about 1/3 of their biomass as protein. These microbes can be easily cultivated on a large scale to harvest protein. Single-cell proteins can be simply defined as proteins found in microbes that are used for protein supplementation. Multicellular molds and algae are also used to harvest protein. The most popular use of SCP yeast was during World War II, when food shortages plagued Germany. The emphasis on the Post World War on the continuation of SCP production has been encouraged to combat the problems of hunger and malnutrition . Microbes have since been widely used to supplement food. The benefits of single cell protein include less water, less land use, less biological threats and more environment friendly. One maJor benefit with this biomass is that amino acids particularly lysine and methionine are in abundance. Additionally, economical wastes can be utilized as substrate by microorganisms to produce protein and amino acid rich biomass. Besides fruit, vegetable and molasses wastes, petroleum by- product, ethanol, methanol, natural gas and lignocelluloses have been used as common substrates . Significant advances in SCP methods worldwide had a profound effect on the development of modern biotechnology. With the help of various fields including microbiology, biochemistry, genetics, chemical and process engineering, food technology, ecology, agriculture, medicine, animal nutrition, toxicology, veterinary technology and economics there have been huge benefits in research and SCP production process. For treatment of wastewater, alcohol manufacture, food science and enzyme technology SCP can act as innovative solution.