Summary : This technical paper was prepared based on submission by Parties and on the work by the clean development mechanism (CDM) Executive Board. It presents options on the following issues: further clarifications on definitions of eligible small-scale afforestation and reforestation project activities, including on the calculation of project size; possible categories of projects for which methodologies can be simplified; draft simplified modalities and procedures for small-scale afforestation and reforestation project activities; a simplified project design document; the structure of an indicative simplified baseline and monitoring methodologies for selected types of small-scale afforestation and reforestation project activities under the CDM; and criteria for determining the occurrence of debundling projects.

Science and Business of Carbon Forestry is a comprehensive guide on biodiversity, conservation and development, and regulation-related issues relevant to forests. It gives detailed guidance on the development, marketing, and financials related to projects in the forestry sector, with a focus on addressing problems related to climate change and forestry. Drawing on a wealth of information from studies across the globe, this book has been authored by a multi-sectoral team of practitioners, academics, economists, and other social/technical experts experienced in carbon markets, climate protection, forestry, project development, and environmental law. The book will serve the needs of various departments and agencies of relevant forest, agriculture, and horticulture departments, and related governmental organizations and non-governmental organizations.

In the international law of the 21st century, more and more regulation comes in the form of post-treaty rules. Developed in environmental law, this trend increasingly spreads to areas ranging from tobacco regulation to arms trade. This book offers the first systematic examination of these decisions, resolutions and recommendations adopted by treaty bodies, to assess their effectiveness. The study shows that the authority of such rules is in question as, in practice, treaty parties retain almost complete discretion when it comes to their implementation. This conclusion gives rise to two key questions. To what extent does this ambiguous authority affect adherence to procedural principles like legal certainty, non-arbitrariness and the duty to state reasons? And can the legitimacy of the process and content of post-treaty rules fill the gaps in their authority? In assessing these questions, the study shines a light on this crucial but neglected area in international law scholarship and forms a starting point for improvements and reform.