A concise history of the Roman Empire published in the fourth century, from the creation of Rome through Valens' accession. The book, translated by John Selby Watson, tells the story of Rome's early monarchy and republic till the time of Constantine and his successors to the death of Jovian (364 AD). Flavius Eutropius was a Roman historian who lived during the second part of the fourth century. He served as the city's secretary (magister memoriae), traveled with Emperor Julian (361-363) on his operations against Persia, and continued to live until the reign of Valens (364–378), to whom he dedicated the Breviarium historiae Romanae (the Breviarium of Roman History), which is also the point at which the history of that work comes to an end.

The book consists of a lengthy introduction to Eutropius, his times and the reasons for the book's composition. His attitude, style, sources, mode of composition and chronology are all discussed, as is his continuing popularity through the centuries. A translation of the "Breviarium" follows and this is accompanied by a historical and historiographical commentary.