This book covers cutting edge advancements on self-powered Internet of Things, where sensing devices can be energy-positive while capturing context from the physical world. It provides new mechanisms for activity recognition without the need of conventional inertial sensors, which demand significant energy during their operation and thus quickly deplete the batteries of internet-of-things (IoT) devices. The book offers new solutions by employing energy harvesters as activity sensors as well as power sources to enable the autonomous and self-powered operation of IoT devices without the need of human intervention. It provides useful content for graduate students as well as researchers to understand the nascent technologies of human activity, fitness and health monitoring using autonomous sensors. In particular, this book is very useful for people working on pervasive computing, activity recognition, wearable IoT, fitness/healthcare and autonomous systems. This book covers a broad range of topics related to self-powered activity recognition. The main topics of this book include wearables, IoT, energy harvesting, energy harvesters as sensors, activity recognition and self-powered operation of IoT devices. This book starts with the introduction of wearable IoT devices and activity recognition and then highlights the conventional activity recognition mechanisms. After that, it describes the use of energy harvesters to power the IoT devices. Later, it explores the use of various energy harvesters as activity sensors. It also proposes the use of energy harvesters as simultaneous source of energy and context information and defines the emerging concept of energy-positive sensing compared to conventional energy-negative sensing. Finally, it explores sensor/signal fusion to enhance the performance using multiple energy harvesters and charts a way forward for future research in this area. This book covers all important and emerging topics that have significance in the design and implementation of autonomous wearable IoT devices. We believe that this book will lay the foundation for designing self-powered IoT devices which can ultimately replace the conventional wearable IoT devices which need regular recharging and replacement.

Apress is proud to announce that Rethinking the Internet of Things was a 2014 Jolt Award Finalist, the highest honor for a programming book. And the amazing part is that there is no code in the book. Over the next decade, most devices connected to the Internet will not be used by people in the familiar way that personal computers, tablets and smart phones are. Billions of interconnected devices will be monitoring the environment, transportation systems, factories, farms, forests, utilities, soil and weather conditions, oceans and resources. Many of these sensors and actuators will be networked into autonomous sets, with much of the information being exchanged machine-to-machine directly and without human involvement. Machine-to-machine communications are typically terse. Most sensors and actuators will report or act upon small pieces of information - "chirps". Burdening these devices with current network protocol stacks is inefficient, unnecessary and unduly increases their cost of ownership. This must change. The architecture of the Internet of Things must evolve now by incorporating simpler protocols toward at the edges of the network, or remain forever inefficient. Rethinking the Internet of Things describes reasons why we must rethink current approaches to the Internet of Things. Appropriate architectures that will coexist with existing networking protocols are described in detail. An architecture comprised of integrator functions, propagator nodes, and end devices, along with their interactions, is explored.

Developing countries are persistently looking for efficient and cost-effective methods for transforming their communities into smart cities. Unfortunately, energy crises have increased in these regions due to a lack of awareness and proper utilization of technological methods. These communities must explore and implement innovative solutions in order to enhance citizen enrollment, quality of government, and city intelligence. IoT Architectures, Models, and Platforms for Smart City Applications provides emerging research exploring the theoretical and practical aspects of transforming cities into intelligent systems using IoT-based design models and sustainable development projects. This publication looks at how cities can be built as smart cities within limited resources and existing advanced technologies. Featuring coverage on a broad range of topics such as cloud computing, human machine interface, and ad hoc networks, this book is ideally designed for urban planners, engineers, IT specialists, computer engineering students, research scientists, academicians, technology developers, policymakers, researchers, and designers seeking current research on smart applications within urban development.

Self-powered wearable Internet of Things (IoT) sensors have made a significant impact on human life and health in recent years. These sensors are known for their convenience, durability, affordability, and longevity, leading to substantial improvements in people’s lives. This review summarizes the development of self-powered wearable IoT sensors in recent years. Materials for self-powered wearable sensors are summarized and evaluated, including nanomaterials, flexible materials, and degradable materials. The working mode of self-powered wearable IoT sensors is analyzed, and the different principles of its physical sensing and chemical sensing are explained. Several common technologies for self-powered wearable IoT sensors are presented, such as triboelectric technology, piezoelectric technology, and machine learning. The applications of self-powered IoT wearable sensors in human-machine interfaces are reviewed. Its current shortcomings and prospects for its future development are also discussed. To conduct this review, a comprehensive literature search was performed using several electronic databases, resulting in the inclusion of 225 articles. The gathered data was extracted, synthesized, and analyzed using a thematic analysis approach. This review provides a comprehensive analysis and summary of its working mode, technologies, and applications and provides references and inspiration for related research in this field. Furthermore, this review also identifies the key directions and challenges for future research.

Low power wide area network (LPWAN) is a promising solution for long range and low power Internet of Things (IoT) and machine to machine (M2M) communication applications. The LPWANs are resource-constrained networks and have critical requirements for long battery life, extended coverage, high scalability, and low device and deployment costs. There are several design and deployment challenges such as media access control, spectrum management, link optimization and adaptability, energy harvesting, duty cycle restrictions, coexistence and interference, interoperability and heterogeneity, security and privacy, and others. LPWAN Technologies for IoT and M2M Applications is intended to provide a one-stop solution for study of LPWAN technologies as it covers a broad range of topics and multidisciplinary aspects of LPWAN and IoT. Primarily, the book focuses on design requirements and constraints, channel access, spectrum management, coexistence and interference issues, energy efficiency, technology candidates, use cases of different applications in smart city, healthcare, and transportation systems, security issues, hardware/software platforms, challenges, and future directions. One stop guide to the technical details of various low power long range technologies such as LoRaWAN, Sigfox, NB-IoT, LTE-M and others Describes the design aspects, network architectures, security issues and challenges Discusses the performance, interference, coexistence issues and energy optimization techniques Includes LPWAN based intelligent applications in diverse areas such as smart city, traffic management, health and others Presents the different hardware and software platforms for LPWANs Provides guidance on selecting the right technology for an application

The Internet of Things (IoT) is one of the core technologies of current and future information and communications technology (ICT) sectors. IoT technologies will be deployed in numerous industries, including health, transport, smart cities, utility sectors, environment, security, and many other areas. In a manner suitable to a broad range of readers, this book introduces various key IoT technologies focusing on algorithms, process algebra, network architecture, energy harvesting, wireless communications, and network security. It presents IoT system design techniques, international IoT standards, and recent research outcomes relevant to the IoT system developments and provides existing and emerging solutions to the design and development of IoT platforms for multi-sector industries, particularly for Industry 4.0. The book also addresses some of the regulatory issues and design challenges related to IoT system deployments and proposes guidelines for possible future applications.

This book highlights the current and recent state-of-the-art developments in energy harvesting systems for health supervising applications. It explores the exciting potential of energy harvesting as a crosscutting field of research to intersect with other areas to envisage new products, solutions, and applications. Among all these new opportunities for synergy, there is a research area that fully matches the features offered by energy harvesting with its power supply's main needs- health supervising (HS), which consists of monitoring the health or operating conditions of anything, such as structures, buildings, public health, environment, etc. The book covers the hand in hand evolution towards a new paradigm: truly self-powered devices based on a single transducer acting as a sensor and as power source simultaneously and efficiently. This evolution is illustrated by the concept and implementation of novel state-of-the-art architecture for self-powered energy harvesting systems for applications that range from structural health monitoring to point-of-care medical devices.