The series entitled "Guide to secondary education in Europe" is developed as part of the project "A secondary education in Europe". The aim of this series is to give the public not only systematic & coherent information on the educational systems & traditions in all signatory states to the European Cultural Convention, but also to outline the essential problems these systems are facing at the present time.

This volume provides a comprehensive account of the implementation of bilingual education programs in countries throughout the world. For academics, graduate students, and policymakers, this volume clearly outlines the social and educational goals that can be achieved through bilingual education. It highlights the need to take account of the complex political context of inter-group relationships within which bilingual programs are inevitably embedded.

Originally published in 1977. This is a lively account of the day-to-day running of European schools based in five countries - France, West Germany, Italy, Spain and Portugal. It outlines the organisation of education in these countries, and examines aspects of curriculum, teaching methods, examinations, attitudes of teachers and pupils, buildings, equipment, out-of-school activities, pastoral care, discipline and rules and depicts what it is like to be a pupil or teacher in a European school. The schools discussed are mainly primary and lower secondary grades - the basic compulsory education of each country. Details of working hours, programmes and curricula which are, notably, often government controlled, are given in Appendices. But the author stresses that his aim throughout has been to show how individual schools work and adopt these rules to their own situation. He discusses the relative advantages and drawbacks of different educational systems, and draws his own conclusions about the favourable impressions he gained from many schools and the Awful Warning he saw in a few. This survey throws as much light on schools at home as on those in Europe and suggests that we have a good deal to learn from our neighbours.

Eight papers, both theoretical and applied, on the concept of equality of opportunity which says that a society should guarantee its members equal access to advantage regardless of their circumstances, while holding them responsible for turning that access into actual advantage by the application of effort.

1. 18 Years of PISA Results - 66 Years of International Testing.- 2. PISA Australia - Excellence and Equity?- 3. Chile.- 4. Estonia.- 5. SuccessThrough Equity - The Finish Way in Education. 6. Polish Education Reforms and Evidence from International Assesments.- 7. The PISA Effect on Protugal's Education.- 8. The Evidence Provided by International Large-scale Assessments about the Spanish Education System: Why Nobody Listens Despite all the Noise?

This open access edited volume is a comparative effort to discern the short-term educational impact of the covid-19 pandemic on students, teachers and systems in Brazil, Chile, Finland, Japan, Mexico, Norway, Portugal, Russia, Singapore, Spain, South Africa, the United Kingdom and the United States. One of the first academic comparative studies of the educational impact of the pandemic, the book explains how the interruption of in person instruction and the variable efficacy of alternative forms of education caused learning loss and disengagement with learning, especially for disadvantaged students. Other direct and indirect impacts of the pandemic diminished the ability of families to support children and youth in their education. For students, as well as for teachers and school staff, these included the economic shocks experienced by families, in some cases leading to food insecurity and in many more causing stress and anxiety and impacting mental health. Opportunity to learn was also diminished by the shocks and trauma experienced by those with a close relative infected by the virus, and by the constrains on learning resulting from students having to learn at home, where the demands of schoolwork had to be negotiated with other family necessities, often sharing limited space. Furthermore, the prolonged stress caused by the uncertainty over the resolution of the pandemic and resulting from the knowledge that anyone could be infected and potentially lose their lives, created a traumatic context for many that undermined the necessary focus and dedication to schoolwork. These individual effects were reinforced by community effects, particularly for students and teachers living in communities where the multifaceted negative impacts resulting from the pandemic were pervasive. This is an open access book.

Manual to accompany the CD-ROM or online resource containing Version 2 of the ICLE. The ICLE is the computerized databank of the Centre for English Corpus Linguistics at the Université catholique de Louvain. The Centre focuses on the development and use of learner corpora (electronic collections of authentic foreign language data). The ICLE is the result of over ten years of collaborative activity between a number of universities internationally. It contains over 3 million words of writing by learners of English from 21 different mother tongue backgrounds. The writing in the corpus has been contributed by advanced learners of English as a foreign language and is made up of 21 distinct sub-corpora, each containing one language variety (E2French, E2German, E2Swedish etc).