The workshops focused on reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries (REDD+), aiming to increase understanding of the negotiations, as well as provide information on experiences in the forestry sector to lay the technical and policy foundations for bette [...] Standards that could influence how REDD+ safeguards are defined and measured include UN-REDD Programme's Social and Environmental Principles and Criteria, the World Bank Safeguards and Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA), REDD+ Social and Environmental Standards (REDD+ SES) and Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) Principles and Criteria. [...] Striking this balance is what we refer to as the REDD+ Development Dividend, and accounting for this development dividend in the design of REDD+ processes and modalities will require consideration of: 1 Safeguards and Multiple Benefits in a REDD+ Mechanism Quality-supporting and promoting REDD+ safeguards, and generating multiple benefits, including sustainable development needs and goals Quan [...] The UN-REDD Programme is working to elaborate how the principle of FPIC should be applied to the activities of the Programme and in the context of readiness and REDD+ more broadly. [...] By providing a comprehensive framework of key issues to address with respect to the social and environmental performance of a REDD+ program, the standards provide guidance to assist with REDD+ design and also provide a mechanism for reporting on the social and environmental performance of REDD+ programs.

REDD+ must be transformational. REDD+ requires broad institutional and governance reforms, such as tenure, decentralisation, and corruption control. These reforms will enable departures from business as usual, and involve communities and forest users in making and implementing policies that a ect them. Policies must go beyond forestry. REDD+ strategies must include policies outside the forestry sector narrowly de ned, such as agriculture and energy, and better coordinate across sectors to deal with non-forest drivers of deforestation and degradation. Performance-based payments are key, yet limited. Payments based on performance directly incentivise and compensate forest owners and users. But schemes such as payments for environmental services (PES) depend on conditions, such as secure tenure, solid carbon data and transparent governance, that are often lacking and take time to change. This constraint reinforces the need for broad institutional and policy reforms. We must learn from the past. Many approaches to REDD+ now being considered are similar to previous e orts to conserve and better manage forests, often with limited success. Taking on board lessons learned from past experience will improve the prospects of REDD+ e ectiveness. National circumstances and uncertainty must be factored in. Di erent country contexts will create a variety of REDD+ models with di erent institutional and policy mixes. Uncertainties about the shape of the future global REDD+ system, national readiness and political consensus require  exibility and a phased approach to REDD+ implementation.

Constructive critique. This book provides a critical, evidence-based analysis of REDD+ implementation so far, without losing sight of the urgent need to reduce forest-based emissions to prevent catastrophic climate change. REDD+ as envisioned

Design Implementation at the National Level.