The purpose of this manual is to provide clear and helpful information for maintaining gravel roads. Very little technical help is available to small agencies that are responsible for managing these roads. Gravel road maintenance has traditionally been "more of an art than a science" and very few formal standards exist. This manual contains guidelines to help answer the questions that arise concerning gravel road maintenance such as: What is enough surface crown? What is too much? What causes corrugation? The information is as nontechnical as possible without sacrificing clear guidelines and instructions on how to do the job right.

This synthesis will be of interest to highway agency administrative and executive officers, risk managers, legal officials, as well as to highway design, traffic, and safety engineers, enforcement agency personnel, claims managers, and others concerned with managing tort liability programs in state transportation agencies. It describes the state of the practice with respect to the manner in which these agencies manage highway tort liability programs. Management of claims associated with highways, streets, and pedestrian facilities is the focus of this synthesis, which describes program elements, costs, staffing, risk avoidance, and management requirements. This report of the Transportation Research Board describes the design and implementation of procedures and techniques to manage tort liability programs. Much of the material in this synthesis is also applicable to managing risks associated with modes other than highways within the state transportation agency. There is also applicability to local highway agencies, toll authorities, and public transit agencies.

This synthesis will be of interest to traffic engineers, maintenance managers, sign shop supervisors, and others interested in the maintenance of street and highway signs. Detailed information is presented on the current practices of state and local governments in managing the maintenance of street and highway signs within their jurisdictions. The maintenance of street and highway signs is viewed as a means for improving the effectiveness of a signing system. This report of the Transportation Research Board describes the maintenance practices of several state and local highway agencies along with the rationale for those practices. It covers inspection, refurbishing, and replacement practices, along with information on equipment and personnel requirements.