Retinal and choroidal vasculatures are easily affected by various systemic diseases, and changes in the retina can easily be observed with various procedures such as direct and indirect ophthalmoscopy, scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, fluorescein fundus angiography, and indocyanin green fundus angiography. Vascular changes are the major, most prominent, and most important fundus changes. The above-mentioned procedures can reveal vascular changes clearly, but mainly reveal changes in the superficial layer of the retina. In addition, these procedures cannot show the three-dimensional architecture of the retina. Usually we can barely obtain the view of that three dimensional architecture. At the same time, pathological findings are well described, but most of them are based on histological and cytological methods. Thus, three-dimensional description of pathology is rare. Vascular corrosion cast scanning electron microscopy can provide a very useful three-dimensional view of the microvasculature and can demonstrate the fine structural architecture of the capillary network. However, the application of this method to the retinal and choroidal vasculature is very difficult, especially in small eyes. We succeeded in making good corrosion casts of retinal and choroidal vessels in the rat. Using this method during the past 10 years we have examined the retinal and choroidal vascular architecture of rats with various systemic diseases such as aging, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and arteriosclerosis.

Vascular changes that occur in the human retina and choroid have frequently been studied through the use of light microscopy. This technique has marked limitations, however, in that it shows changes only in limited localized sites, often with the effects of various systemic diseases indistinguishable. Newer techniques of corrosion cast scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy provide a much clearer three-dimensional view of retinal and choroidal vasculatures, the results of which will be useful for the interpretation of ocular fundus changes seen in individual systemic diseases. Retinal and choroidal vascular changes due to aging, arteriosclerosis, spontaneous hypertension, and diabetes mellitus in the rat have been investigated and are described in this book, which will be of interest to those in the fields of ophthalmology, anatomy, and pathology. This book is a leading source of information on the use of electron microscopy in a new field of interest. .

This text presents current information on retinal and choroidal manifestations of systemic diseases from leading experts in the field. Topics include retinal and choroidal manifestations of AIDS, pediatric diseases, toxicity of systemic drugs, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, diffuse unilateral subacute neuroretinitis (DUSN), viral and fungal diseases, sarcoidosis, Behçet's disease, carotid artery and renal diseases, changes related to pregnancy, intraocular lymphoma, and more. Their knowledge and experience will assist ophthalmologists, retina specialists, uveitis and ocular oncology specialists, and general physicians approach a level of knowledge about retinal and choroidal manifestations of systemic diseases to benefit patients in everyday clinical practice.

In recent years, human studies have made enormous contributions towards an understanding of the genetic basis of diabetes mellitus; however, most of the experimentation needed for the invention and testing of novel therapeutic approaches cannot be performed in humans. Thus, there is no alternative to appropriate animal models. In Animal Models in Diabetes Research, expert researchers explore the current status of the most important models and procedures in order to provide a timely resource in experimental diabetology. The first half of the volume serves as a comprehensive overview on our current knowledge of the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of diabetes in animal models through a series of reviews in model strains. The book then continues with vital, established protocols that are employed in the characterization and study of animal models of diabetes. As a volume in the highly successful Methods in Molecular BiologyTM series, this work contains the type of detailed description and key implementation advice necessary to achieve successful results. Authoritative and cutting-edge, Animal Models in Diabetes Research delivers essential content that will be an important resource to advance diabetes research in the years to come.

The undisputed gold standard text in the field, Ryan's Retina is your award-winning choice for the most current, authoritative information on new technologies, surgical approaches, scientific advances and diagnostic and therapeutic options for retinal diseases and disorders. Packed with timely updates throughout, new illustrations, and a dedicated team of editors who extend Dr. Ryan’s legacy in retina, this outstanding 6th Edition is a must-have reference for retinal specialists, ophthalmologists, and fellows in training. Offers the most comprehensive content available on retina, balancing the latest scientific research and clinical correlations, covering everything you need to know on retinal diagnosis, treatment, development, structure, function, and pathophysiology. Provides a truly global perspective from five highly esteemed section editors and more than 350 other world authorities from across Europe, Asia, Australasia, and the Americas. Bullets Includes new chapters on widefield imaging, intraoperative OCT imaging, medical management of diabetes mellitus and age-related macular degeneration, and senile retinoschisis. Includes more than 1,150 brand-new illustrations, scans, and photographs throughout. Covers the explosion of new imaging options across optical coherence tomography (OCT), fundus imaging, and autofluorescence imaging, including a greatly expanded OCT imaging chapter that features crucial information on OCT-Angiography (OCT-A). Presents new pharmacotherapy data and the latest approaches in anti-VEGF therapy for age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and venous occlusive disease. Features an expanded online video library highlighting the latest surgical techniques and new coverage of complications of vitreoretinal surgery. Contains thorough content updates in every area of retina, including advanced imaging technologies, gene therapy, inflammation and immune responses, white dot syndromes, epigenetic mechanisms, transplantation frontiers to improve retinal function, macular hole, myopic eye disease, ocular trauma, drug delivery to the posterior segment, advances in macular surgery, vitrectomy and complex retinal detachment, tumors, and retinal genetics and biology. Expert ConsultTM eBook version included with purchase. This enhanced eBook experience allows you to search all of the text, figures, Q&As, and references from the book on a variety of devices.

Through six outstanding and award-winning editions, Ryan’s Retina has offered unsurpassed coverage of this complex subspecialty—everything from basic science through the latest research, therapeutics, technology, and surgical techniques. The fully revised 7th Edition, edited by Drs. SriniVas R. Sadda, Andrew P. Schachat, Charles P. Wilkinson, David R. Hinton, Peter Wiedemann, K. Bailey Freund, and David Sarraf, continues the tradition of excellence, balancing the latest scientific research and clinical correlations and covering everything you need to know on retinal diagnosis, treatment, development, structure, function, and pathophysiology. More than 300 global contributors share their knowledge and expertise to create the most comprehensive reference available on retina today. Features sweeping content updates, including new insights into the fundamental pathogenic mechanisms of age-related macular degeneration, advances in imaging including OCT angiography and intraoperative OCT, new therapeutics for retinal vascular disease and AMD, novel immune-based therapies for uveitis, and the latest in instrumentation and techniques for vitreo-retinal surgery. Includes five new chapters covering Artificial Intelligence and Advanced Imaging Analysis, Pachychoroid Disease and Its Association with Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy, Retinal Manifestations of Neurodegeneration, Microbiome and Retinal Disease, and OCT-Angiography. Includes more than 50 video clips (35 new to this edition) highlighting the latest surgical techniques, imaging guidance, and coverage of complications of vitreoretinal surgery. New videos cover Scleral Inlay for Recurrent Optic Nerve Pit Masculopathy, Trauma with Contact Lens, Recurrent Retinal Detachment due to PVR, Asteroid Hyalosis, and many more. Contains more than 2,000 high-quality images (700 new to this edition) including anatomical illustrations, clinical and surgical photographs, diagnostic imaging, decision trees, and graphs.