RETHINKING GLOBAL ROUTING FOR MODERN VLSI DESIGN: CONGESTION REDUCTION AND MULTI-OBJECTIVE OPTIMIZATION Hamid Shojaei Under the supervision of Professor Azadeh Davoodi At the University of Wisconsin-Madison The high volume and complexity of cells and interconnect structures are causing serious challenges to routability in modern VLSI design. Several new factors contribute to routing congestion including significantly-different wire size and spacing among the metal layers, sizes of inter-layer vias, various forms of routing blockages, local congestion due to pin density and wiring inside a global-cell, and virtual pins located at the higher metal layers. In addition, interconnects now play a significant role in impacting the performance metrics of a design including power, speed and area. Global routing, as the first stage in which the interconnects are planned, is now of significant importance in determining the performance metrics and the routability of the design. However, the standard model of global routing considers minimization of wirelength with a simplified model of routing resources which ignores these objectives and complicating factors. To address the above challenges, this dissertation has three contributions in rethinking global routing for modern VLSI design. First, we present a framework for congestion analysis for quick prediction of the locations of highly-utilized routing regions. The fast framework is suitable for integration in the design flow, for example as an integration within a routability-driven placement procedure. Second, we offer two contributions in order to estimate and manage the congestion caused by local nets which are ignored in a standard model of global routing. It allows optimizing congestion directly within global routing by treating global and detailed routing in a more holistic manner. In addition, many of the above-mentioned factors contributing to congestion are accounted for in our congestion analysis and optimization framework. Finally, we present a procedure for multi-objective global routing which is able to optimize multiple performance metrics beyond wirelength. The framework is a collaborative one which receives as input multiple global routing solutions created by single-objective procedures.

For Electrical Engineering and Computer Engineering courses that cover the design and technology of very large scale integrated (VLSI) circuits and systems. May also be used as a VLSI reference for professional VLSI design engineers, VLSI design managers, and VLSI CAD engineers. Modern VSLI Design provides a comprehensive “bottom-up” guide to the design of VSLI systems, from the physical design of circuits through system architecture with focus on the latest solution for system-on-chip (SOC) design. Because VSLI system designers face a variety of challenges that include high performance, interconnect delays, low power, low cost, and fast design turnaround time, successful designers must understand the entire design process. The Third Edition also provides a much more thorough discussion of hardware description languages, with introduction to both Verilog and VHDL. For that reason, this book presents the entire VSLI design process in a single volume.

. . . ????????????????????????????????? ????????????? ????????????,????? ???? ??????????? ???????????????????? ???. THUCYDIDIS HISTORIAE IV:108 C. Hude ed. , Teubner, Lipsiae MCMXIII ???????????,????? ??,? ????????????????? ???????????????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??? ?’ ?????????? ??’ ?????????? ? ??????? ??? ????????????? ???????. ???????????????????:108 ???????????? ?????????????????????? ?. ?????????????. ????????????,????? It being the fashion of men, what they wish to be true to admit even upon an ungrounded hope, and what they wish not, with a magistral kind of arguing to reject. Thucydides (the Peloponnesian War Part I), IV:108 Thomas Hobbes Trans. , Sir W. Molesworth ed. In The English Works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury, Vol. VIII I have been introduced to clock design very early in my professional career when I was tapped right out of school to design and implement the clock generation and distribution of the Alpha 21364 microprocessor. Traditionally, Alpha processors - hibited highly innovative clocking systems, always worthy of ISSCC/JSSC publi- tions and for a while Alpha processors were leading the industry in terms of clock performance. I had huge shoes to ?ll. Obviously, I was overwhelmed, confused and highly con?dent that I would drag the entire project down.

An Alternative to Copper-Based Interconnect Technology With an increase in demand for more circuit components on a single chip, there is a growing need for nanoelectronic devices and their interconnects (a physical connecting medium made of thin metal films between several electrical nodes in a semiconducting chip that transmit signals from one point to another without any distortion). Carbon Nanotube and Graphene Nanoribbon Interconnects explores two new important carbon nanomaterials, carbon nanotube (CNT) and graphene nanoribbon (GNR), and compares them with that of copper-based interconnects. These nanomaterials show almost 1,000 times more current-carrying capacity and significantly higher mean free path than copper. Due to their remarkable properties, CNT and GNR could soon replace traditional copper interconnects. Dedicated to proving their benefits, this book covers the basic theory of CNT and GNR, and provides a comprehensive analysis of the CNT- and GNR-based VLSI interconnects at nanometric dimensions. Explore the Potential Applications of CNT and Graphene for VLSI Circuits The book starts off with a brief introduction of carbon nanomaterials, discusses the latest research, and details the modeling and analysis of CNT and GNR interconnects. It also describes the electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties, and structural behavior of these materials. In addition, it chronicles the progression of these fundamental properties, explores possible engineering applications and growth technologies, and considers applications for CNT and GNR apart from their use in VLSI circuits. Comprising eight chapters this text: Covers the basics of carbon nanotube and graphene nanoribbon Discusses the growth and characterization of carbon nanotube and graphene nanoribbon Presents the modeling of CNT and GNR as future VLSI interconnects Examines the applicability of CNT and GNR in terms of several analysis works Addresses the timing and frequency response of the CNT and GNR interconnects Explores the signal integrity analysis for CNT and GNR interconnects Models and analyzes the applicability of CNT and GNR as power interconnects Considers the future scope of CNT and GNR Beneficial to VLSI designers working in this area, Carbon Nanotube and Graphene Nanoribbon Interconnects provides a complete understanding of carbon-based materials and interconnect technology, and equips the reader with sufficient knowledge about the future scope of research and development for this emerging topic.

This practical, tool-independent guide to designing digital circuits takes a unique, top-down approach, reflecting the nature of the design process in industry. Starting with architecture design, the book comprehensively explains the why and how of digital circuit design, using the physics designers need to know, and no more.