Scientific theories are representational spaces in which we model the world. Therefore, science undergoes periodic paradigm shifts instead of progressing in a linear and continuous way: paradigm shifts occur when old paradigms show their inadequacy and ineffectiveness. What is defined as research is revaluated, concepts turn upside down and earlier research is reinterpreted. Covid-19 brought to the fore the rise of a new paradigm that in 2016 the sociologist Ulrich Beck understood and framed as ‘metamorphosis of the world’ (Beck 2016). Global risks (climate change, resource depletion, migrations) distribute forms of social inequalities that often escape the traditional interpretative categories of the mainstream economy (class, nation etc.) and normative concepts like sustainable development. In this perspective, the regional scale (in social studies and policies) is crucial. Risks are assuming, in fact, different geographies in relation to the different territorial morphologies or social inequalities involved. To what extent this paradigm shift is challenging either mainstream economics or our critical thinking and awareness as social scientists? Despite a body of studies that, until the first half of the twentieth century, had not taken into account the variables of time and space in their analysis of development, places are taken in their specificity as the founding element for describing (and for some authors, interpreting) the constraints and opportunities of regions for their historical, cultural, and socioeconomic conditions. The neoclassical theory of growth, based on the model of the Nobel laureate Robert Solow, expunges the spatial variable and is then gradually questioned in favour of the endogenous regional development approach (Stimson et al. 2011). Over time, places take on the role of a favourable (or unfavourable) environment for business, making possible the creation of external economies (or diseconomies), and giving rise to specific forms of cooperation between companies and societal actors. At least to some authors, what produces development and innovation in certain successful regions is, in this sense, not the assertion of a single company, but the competitiveness of the entire territory, expressed through the synergies between institutions and socioeconomic actors. These synergies are the basis of the processes of accumulation of knowledge and the dissemination of information and opportunities useful for supporting development in the context of effective planning (Dessein J. Battaglini E. and Horlings L. 2016). The 20 cases described in this book are stemming from the debate raised by the International Conference on Research Outlook, Innovations and Research Trends (ICROIRT-2020). They are highlighting the time-space dimension affecting economic structures, and the ways in which socioeconomic use material and immaterial resources, mediate practices and institutions and construct narratives and identities, pointing to how assign value to their resources and thus influencing regional economics. During a paradigm shift like which we are confronting, facts are uncertain, top down economic receipts in dispute and decisions urgent. The Covid-19 crisis has already put at risk all organizations or companies that have basked in roles, position rents or narratives that have shown resistance, including ideological ones, to the metamorphosis of the world underway. We will now see what we can do: as either individuals, or organisations and institutions we are all responsibly involved. We would like to thank all the contributors who have made the production of this book so fascinating and enjoyable. Their scholarship and dedicated commitment and motivation to ‘getting it right’ are the keys to the book’s quality, and we greatly appreciate their good nature over many months in the face of our editorial demands and time limits. We are also grateful for using their texts, ideas, and critical remarks. We would also like to thank Prof Dr Alimnazar Islamkov, Dr R Shanthi , all reviewers and all authors for their help in consolidating the interdisciplinary of the book

This book is focused predominantly on academicians, research scholars belong to science and engineering, managers, scientists, technicians, and other professionals in the field of qualitative research. This book is comprehended from different sources of research in Science and Technology. On the first occasion, the task of providing researchers with a broad view of the relationship between science and technology. The second reason for writing the book was the need to fill a gap in academics and research. While many excellent books, documents, and article exist for innovative practices, we have not found a work in which we can properly understand the content that the researcher needs to understand. So, after much deliberation, we decided to collect all quality efforts in one string. At the most basic level, this book is trying to show research scholars; what science, technology, and innovations are all about. It cannot study or gain knowledge of that part and is at a level that most researchers should find clear and understandable. Our goal was to develop content that will help researchers who are beginning to use innovative practices. We hope to meet the needs of academicians, research scholars who are being encouraged to incorporate more reading and writing in the field of science and technology. In summary, this book is targeted to the needs of individuals engaged in quality research activities in science and technology. Our goal is to present the topics of creativity and innovation to this audience in a way that enables them to incorporate new skills into their daily work. We would like to thank all the contributors who have made the production of this book so fascinating and enjoyable. Their scholarship and dedicated commitment and motivation to ‘getting it right’ are the keys to the book’s quality, and we greatly appreciate their good nature over many months in the face of our editorial demands and time limits. We are also grateful for using their texts, ideas, and critical remarks We would also like to thank Prof Dr Nilam N Ghuge, Prof Dr D Ayub Khan Dawood, Prof Dr Vilas A Pharande, all reviewers and all authors for their help in consolidating the interdisciplinary of the book. We are grateful to all the 18 institutions for their support. It will not be possible to bring out this edition.

Maximilian Lantelme examines the historical growth and decline developments of large German family and non-family businesses between 1971 and 2011. Based on a sample of the 143 largest German companies in 1971 and in 2011, the author investigates the long-term development of each company and calculates compound annual growth rates (CAGR) to compare the developments of total sales and of the number of employees between the enterprises with the overall development of the German economy. Additionally, he presents the exit rates as well as the reasons for the downfalls of the different types of companies. The results show a superior development of family businesses especially compared to non-family businesses due to lower exit and higher growth rates. The strategic implications are that family businesses should achieve a certain corridor of growth in the long-term to secure the company’s existence over generations.