Meeting held July 2012 in Poznan, Poland.

It is over 70 years since two orthopedic surgeons invented the Milwaukee brace for the treatment of children with scoliosis. Since then, clinicians and researchers have been inspired to design ever more effective braces to correct 3-D spinal deformities. This book presents papers from the bi-annual meeting of the International Research Society of Spinal Deformities (IRSSD), held as a virtual event on 22 and 23 January 2021. The IRSSD concentrates on research into spinal deformity with clinical applications. In addition to 3D assessment of the spine, researchers also explore spinal biomechanics, etiopathogenesis, and innovative conservative and surgical therapies with the goal of integrating science with clinical care to improve patient care. The 2021 meeting was originally scheduled to take place in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA, but was instead held in a virtual format due to the Covid 19 pandemic. Despite this change, the meeting still allowed valuable interaction and open discussion among practitioners from around the world, and keynote speakers and authors contributed the 44 short papers and 47 abstracts included here. The papers are grouped under 17 chapter headings, and cover a wide range of topics, including biologic and biomechanical benchmarks, clinical evaluation, conservative treatments and surgical approaches. Diagnostic assessments and non-surgical treatments of EOS are also emphasized and elucidated. The book will be of interest to all those whose work is related to the treatment and care of patients with spinal deformities.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Spine Deformities in Children at Specialized Centre -- Session 5: Rationalized Design of Individualized Treatment -- Biomechanical Simulations for Planning of Scoliosis Surgery -- Clinical Assessment of AIS -- Determination of Fixation Level of Osteosynthesis System with Knowledge Base -- 3D" Brace Treatment: "3D" Immediate Effect On Thoracic. Thoracolumbar and Lumbar Scoliotic Curves -- Treatment of Thoracolumbar and Lumbar Idiopathic Scoliotic Curves with the Progressive Action Short Brace (P.A.S.B.)Analysis of Results -- 3D Correction of Trunk Deformity in Patients with Idiopathic Scoliosis Using Cheneau Brace -- Social Effects of Boston Bracing -- Appendix. Clinical Application of 3-D Evaluation of Scoliosis -- Pre-IRSSD meeting Workshops held at Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada, 27 June, 1998. -- Workshop 1: Biomechanical Modelling of Scoliosis: What are the Priorities? -- Workshop 2: Usefulness of Computer Assisted Measurements During Surgery: Should we Continue? -- Workshop 3: Imaging Techniques, which Way to Go: X-Ray, CT Scans, MRI, Surface Topography, Etc.? -- Workshop 4: Aetiology and pattern of spinal deformities: should we continue to study biomechanical and 3D factors? -- Author Index

Study of Marker Placements in the Back for Opto-electronic Motion Analysis -- User Friendly Computer Profilometry -- Surgery is Performed for Cosmetic Reasons -- Surgery is Performed for Functional Improvements -- Session 4: 3D Imaging -- Evaluation of the Efficiency of Patient Stabilization Devices for 3D X-ray Reconstruction of the Spine and Rib Cage -- Semi-Automatic Landmark Detection in Digital X-Ray Images of the Spine -- Does Transverse Apex Coincide with Coronal Apex Levels (Regional or Global) in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis? -- Correlation Study between Indices Describing the Scoliotic Spine -- Simplified Calibration System for Stereoradiography in Scoliosis -- Rule-based Algorithm for Automated King-Type Classification of Idiopathic Scoliosis -- Augmented Reality in Spine Surgery. Critical Appraisal and Status of Development -- The Orientation of the Plane of MaximumDeformity of a Scoliotic Curve -- Modelling and Analysis of Vertebra Deformations with Spherical Harmonics -- Validation of the NSCP Technique on Scoliotic Vertebrae -- 3D Reconstruction and Analysis of the Vertebral Body Line -- 3D Reconstruction of the Pelvis Using the NSCP Technique -- Automatic Measurement of Scapula Position and Movement Using Rasterstereography -- Image Coding Technique for 3-D Back Reconstruction -- Ultra Low Dose X-ray Spinal Examinations -- Comparison of Rasterstereographs with MR Scans in Scoliotic Patients -- Session 5: 3D Location of the Rib Prominence and its Importance in the Treatment of Scoliotic Deformities -- 3D location of the Rib Prominence and its Importance in the Treatment of Scoliotic Deformities -- Session 6: Conservative Treatment -- Relationships between Strap Tension, Interface Pressures and Spine Correction in Brace Treatment of Scoliosis

Contains papers on the following subjects: Genetics; Etiology and Pathogenesis; Biomechanics and Imaging; Conservative Treatment; Surgical Treatment; and Quality of Life. This publications seeks to serve as a basis for research and as a source of discussion.

Spinal osteotomy techniques have been dramatically applied as a standard method for severe and rigid spinal deformity. Although clinical results indicate that patients who undergo osteotomy procedures typically experience well deformity correction and ameliorate the clinical appearance, aggressive peri-operative risks and follow-up complications are not rare. More meticulous and standard indication selection, osteotomy plan design and complication prevention strategy and outcome evaluation are critically needed for surgeon majored in spine deformity. The book Spinal Osteotomy is divided into sections that focus on principles of spinal osteotomy, technical and case illustration and outcomes and complications as well as computer navigation and other latest techniques. Each section is heavily illustrated and clearly written for ease of understanding. Orthopedic surgeons, neurosurgeon residents and fellows who want to focus on spinal deformity correction will find this instructive and invaluable.