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This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

Excerpt from Report of the Select Committee of the House of Representatives: To Which Were Referred the Messages of the President U. S. Of the 5th and 8th February, and 2d March, 1827, With Accompanying Documents and a Report and Resolutions of the Legislature of Georgia; March 3, 1827, Read, and Laid Upon the Table Gen. Gaines to Gov. Troop, July 10, 1825, Secretary of War to Gen. Gaines, July 21, 1825, Secretary of War to Gov. Troop, Jul 21, 1825, Secretary of Warta Gen. Games, J y 22, 1825, Secretary of War to Major Andrews, July 23, 1825, Major Andrews to Secretary of War, J uly 22, 1825, Gov. Troop to Major Andrews, June 20, 1825, Major Andrews to Gov. Troop, J one 23, 1825, Gov. Troop to Major Andrews, June 18, 1825, Same to same, June 27, 1825, Georgia Commissioner-eta Major Andrews, June 25, 1825, Major Andrews to Georgia Commissioners, June Georgia Commissioners to Gen. Gaines, July 1, 1825, Major Andrews to Georgia Commissioners, July 1, 1825, Georgia Commissioners to Major Andrews, July 1, 1825, Major Andrews to Georgia Commissioners, July 1, 1825, Geo. Gaines to Secretary of War, July 24, 1825, Gov. Troop to President of the United States, July 26, 1825, Major Andrews' Report to Seer-e of War, August I, 1825. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

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2017 James F. Sulzby Book Award from the Alabama Historical Association At its height the Creek Nation comprised a collection of multiethnic towns and villages with a domain stretching across large parts of Alabama, Georgia, and Florida. By the 1830s, however, the Creeks had lost almost all this territory through treaties and by the unchecked intrusion of white settlers who illegally expropriated Native soil. With the Jackson administration unwilling to aid the Creeks, while at the same time demanding their emigration to Indian territory, the Creek people suffered from dispossession, starvation, and indebtedness. Between the 1825 Treaty of Indian Springs and the arrival of detachment six in the West in late 1837, nearly twenty-three thousand Creek Indians were moved—voluntarily or involuntarily—to Indian territory. Rivers of Sand fills a substantial gap in scholarship by capturing the full breadth and depth of the Creeks’ collective tragedy during the marches westward, on the Creek home front, and during the first years of resettlement. Unlike the Cherokee Trail of Tears, which was conducted largely at the end of a bayonet, most Creeks were relocated through a combination of coercion and negotiation. Hopelessly outnumbered military personnel were forced to make concessions in order to gain the compliance of the headmen and their people. Christopher D. Haveman’s meticulous study uses previously unexamined documents to weave narratives of resistance and survival, making Rivers of Sand an essential addition to the ethnohistory of American Indian removal.