The harvesting of energy from ambient energy sources to power electronic devices has been recognized as a promising solution to the issue of powering the ever-growing number of mobile devices around us.Key technologies in the rapidly growing field of energy harvesting focus on developing solutions to capture ambient energy surrounding the mobile devices and convert it into usable electrical energy for the purpose of recharging said devices. Achieving a sustainable network lifetime via battery-aware designs brings forth a new frontier for energy optimization techniques. These techniques had, in their early stages, resulted in the development of low-power hardware designs. Today, they have evolved into power-aware designs and even battery-aware designs.This book covers recent results in the field of rechargeable sensor networks, including technologies and protocol designs to enable harvesting energy from alternative energy sources such as vibrations, temperature variations, wind, solar, and biochemical energy and passive human power.

The current progress in Wireless Sensor Network has taken to various new protocols formed especially for sensor networks in where the energy awareness is a necessary deliberation. Wireless Sensor Network is highly accessible for significant applications namely surveillance of security and environmental monitoring. The researchers all over the world are investigating about the most important parameter of wireless sensor network i.e. Energy. The main emphasis is given over the efficiency of energy as the energy saved by the wireless sensor network is less and the consumption of energy is high and this is the main reason behind the lifetime network depletion at a fast pace. There in the sensor nodes one more challenge is exhibited that is of the limited power capacity, so for the same the battery should be either charged or changed as there are several functions which are to be performed by the energy of the sensor nodes being aggregation, sensing and transmission of data and on board processing. Majorly, the energy is consumed by the wireless data transmission among the nodes and more energy is consumed as compared to the other sensing and processing operations of data. The high energy is consumed because the data is transmitted over a large distance as the nodes are located far from each other. Further, the collision, overhearing and idle listening of the nodes are the major reasons behind the high wastage of energy during the transmission and the communication of data. There are several applications, in which the nodes are disregarded, and thus worsening the failure of nodes and enhancing the problem of high energy consumption. The success of the application is dependent over the network lifetime and the exchange or the recharging of the batteries is costly as well as not feasible. Therefore, the attention of the researchers is seeking towards usage and the consumption of the energy. Further, the development of such energy efficient network should be done which should cover and provide solution for all the above mentioned challenges so that the utility of the wireless sensor networks is enhanced in the applications related to it. The main intention of this study and book is to investigate in detail about the concept “An Intelligent Energy Aware Routing Protocol using Data Fusion Technique in Wireless Sensor Networks”. Significance of the Book: This book convers and discusses about previous studies carried out in the area of data fusion and the crucial issue in energy reduction of the sensor modes during the data fusion. The main objectives of this book a) To analyze the energy aware routing protocol in wireless sensor network; b) To examine the maximum energy consumption for routing process to sustain long life batter power in wireless sensor network.; c) To analyze the routing protocol enhancement by applying data fusion technique; d)To explore the routing protocol enhancement by applying data fusion technique; e)To propose an algorithm to integrate data fusion technique to enhance the consumption of energy. This book study is constrained to wireless sensor networks and limited to data fusion technique. However, this book study evaluates the concept of “An Intelligent Energy Aware Routing Protocol using Data Fusion Technique in Wireless Sensor Networks”. Finally, this book considers a novel network organization scheme, energy-efficient Self organizing Map (K-SOM) Feed forward scheme, to organize sensor nodes into clusters with Data-Fusion. Also, it proposes a Energy aware routing algorithm, called “Artificial Intelligence Based Energy Aware Routing Protocol (AIEARP) for Wireless Sensor Network, for elevating sensor network lifetime. This book also shows the Experimental results for out-performs interims of network lifetime with dead nodes at different iteration and energy conservation with its energy consumption among the cluster heads. The following is an overview of the contents of the chapter, which presented in this Book. Chapter 1: Introduction of the EARP in WSN This chapter provides the vital idea about the research concept “An Intelligent Energy Aware Routing Protocol using Data Fusion Technique in Wireless Sensor Networks” including the research background, problem statement, aims and objectives of the study, research questions, significance of the study and limitations of the research. Chapter 2: Literature Review This chapter examines several works related to the conceptual framework model for “An Intelligent Energy Aware Routing Protocol using Data Fusion Technique in Wireless Sensor Networks”. In addition to these, this research explains in detail about the energy aware routing protocol in wireless sensor network. Apart from these, this research explains about the maximum energy consumption for routing process to sustain long life batter power in wireless sensor network. At last, this literature review chapter discusses about the routing protocol enhancement by applying data fusion technique and the routing protocol enhancement by applying data fusion technique. In addition to these, this research provides framework for “An Intelligent Energy Aware Routing Protocol using Data Fusion Technique in Wireless Sensor Networks”. Chapter 3: Research design This chapter provides an overview about the intelligent energy aware routing protocol using data fusion technique in wireless sensor networks. This chapter explains about the steps to be followed in the developed method. Chapter 4: Result analysis in term of intelligent energy aware protocol This chapter discusses about the analysis of implementation of proposed framework “An Intelligent Energy Aware Routing Protocol using Data Fusion Technique in Wireless Sensor Networks”. Chapter 5: Conclusion & Future enhancement This chapter explains about the summary of findings obtained through the analysis and results section and also gives conclusion to the research “An Intelligent Energy Aware Routing Protocol using Data Fusion Technique in Wireless Sensor Networks” followed by suggestions and recommendations for the future research. Bibliography: This section lists all works of interest, including those mentioned in the text.

Energy Management in Wireless Sensor Networks discusses this unavoidable issue in the application of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). To guarantee efficiency and durability in a network, the science must go beyond hardware solutions and seek alternative software solutions that allow for better data control from the source to delivery. Data transfer must obey different routing protocols, depending on the application type and network architecture. The correct protocol should allow for fluid information flow, as well as optimizing power consumption and resources - a challenge faced by dense networks. The topics covered in this book provide answers to these needs by introducing and exploring computer-based tools and protocol strategies for low power consumption and the implementation of routing mechanisms which include several levels of intervention, ranging from deployment to network operation.

Power consumption becomes the most important design goal in a wide range of electronic systems. There are two driving forces towards this trend: continuing device scaling and ever increasing demand of higher computing power. First, device scaling continues to satisfy Moore’s law via a conventional way of scaling (More Moore) and a new way of exploiting the vertical integration (More than Moore). Second, mobile and IT convergence requires more computing power on the silicon chip than ever. Cell phones are now evolving towards mobile PC. PCs and data centers are becoming commodities in house and a must in industry. Both supply enabled by device scaling and demand triggered by the convergence trend realize more computation on chip (via multi-core, integration of diverse functionalities on mobile SoCs, etc.) and finally more power consumption incurring power-related issues and constraints. Energy-Aware System Design: Algorithms and Architectures provides state-of-the-art ideas for low power design methods from circuit, architecture to software level and offers design case studies in three fast growing areas of mobile storage, biomedical and security. Important topics and features: - Describes very recent advanced issues and methods for energy-aware design at each design level from circuit and architecture to algorithm level, and also covering important blocks including low power main memory subsystem and on-chip network at architecture level - Explains efficient power conversion and delivery which is becoming important as heterogeneous power sources are adopted for digital and non-digital parts - Investigates 3D die stacking emphasizing temperature awareness for better perspective on energy efficiency - Presents three practical energy-aware design case studies; novel storage device (e.g., solid state disk), biomedical electronics (e.g., cochlear and retina implants), and wireless surveillance camera systems. Researchers and engineers in the field of hardware and software design will find this book an excellent starting point to catch up with the state-of-the-art ideas of low power design.

This thesis develops and evaluates a harvesting aware routing protocol for data collection applications in wireless sensor networks. Energy consumption is an important challenge in wireless sensor networks; recently, harvesting energy technologies have been proposed as a promising solution to alleviate the energy concerns. In particular, harvesting aware routing protocols that exploit temporal and spatial characteristics of renewable energy sources have been shown to improve network lifetimes in wireless sensor networks. ix In our approach, we also exploit flexibility in data accuracy at the application level to further improve the energy characteristics of the harvesting-aware systems for data collection applications. We propose a new routing protocol, the RMPRT-DA (Randomized Minimum Path Recovery Time - Data quality Aware) that combines both energy harvesting capabilities and data quality awareness to determine how sensor data packets can be routed. The technique exploits differing energy budgets to adjust data quality metrics and consequently update routing tables. In addition, this energy budget allocation is done periodically to update routing tables and assign new values of data quality that result in lower packet loss rates and energy consumption. Our routing protocol is implemented in a network simulator, QualNet. Our experimental results indicate that the proposed protocol that leverages the varying Energy Budget Ratios is effective in terms of reducing packet loss and energy consumption while not sacrificing data quality needs of applications. Furthermore, a comparison with other routing protocols shows the proposed technique exhibits decreasing packet loss and the lower routing message overheads for different network sizes.