This Information Report provides functional definitions and discussions of key terms and concepts for relating the experimental evaluation of driver distraction to real-world crash involvement. Examples of driver distraction and driving performance metrics include those related to vehicle control, object and event detection and response (OEDR), physiological indicators, subjective assessments, or combinations thereof. Examples of real-world crash involvement metrics include the epidemiological effect size measures of risk ratio, rate ratio, and odds ratio. The terms and concepts defined in this document are not intended to contribute to methodologies for assessing the individual metrics within a domain; these are covered in other SAE documents (e.g., SAE J2944) and SAE technical reports. For any measure chosen in one domain or the other, the goal is to give general definitions of key terms and concepts that relate metrics in one domain to those in the other. Issues of repeatability and validity are discussed in relation to these methods and metrics for relating the two domains. However, the actual specification of a particular methodology for predicting crash involvement from experimental studies is outside the scope of the present document.This informational report applies to all motorized on-road road vehicles including passenger cars, trucks, buses, and powered two-wheelers. Driver distraction may be related to any activity that competes with the driving task and diverts attention away from activities critical for safe driving.Note that the terms and concepts described herein may also be general enough to suggest methods to estimate crash involvement of real-world automated vehicles from simulation metrics. The intended users of the document are practitioners and researchers in the industry, academia, and other organizations with interest in driver distraction and driving performance assessment and road safety. Driver distraction is one of the key factors underlying road crashes (refer to Ascone et al. 2009; NHTSA 2009, 2017) and thus is a major focus for policymaking and human-vehicle interface design. There are many existing metrics and procedures for the experimental evaluation of driver distraction, several of which have been specified in international standards and/or regional guidelines (e.g., ISO 15007-1, ISO/TS 15007-2, ISO 16673, ISO 26022, ISO 17488, and SAE J2944). However, it cannot be simply assumed that the effects of distraction on driving performance or driver behavior/state measured with these procedures are directly indicative of real-world crash involvement. Thus, there is a need for approaches that can be used to systematically relate experimentally measured effects of driver distraction on driving performance and driver behavior/state to real-world crash involvement. This document provides a set of concepts and definitions of terms that can be used to characterize this relation.

This invaluable dictionary springs from the foundation laid by the glossary in Vehicle Accident Analysis and Reconstruction Methods, Third Edition created by the disbanded SAE Accident Investigation and Reconstruction Practices Committee (AIRP). Building on this content, this book encompasses a wide array of terms derived from both accident reconstruction and automotive safety. While biomechanics contributes numerous terms related to automotive safety concerning occupants, accident reconstruction primarily caters to vehicular elements. Unlike typical glossaries, this compendium doesn't just define; it references the sources related to the concept. Diving into SAE standards, recommended practices, and other renowned texts, this dictionary paints a complete picture. Even as the automotive landscape evolves, this work stands as an extensive reference for students and professionals alike. (ISBN 9781468605938, ISBN 9781468605945, ISBN 9781468605952, DOI 10.4271/9781468605945)

Certain activities and events both inside and outside a vehicle can distract drivers and lead to degraded performance. New technologies- such as entertainment, communication, and driver assistance systems- play a significant role in distraction. This unique volume defines driver distraction, discusses various causes, and explains how to measure acceptable and unacceptable levels of distraction. Several chapters address measurement techniques based on performance and epidemiological studies. Most importantly, the text explores ways to mitigate driver distraction as well as countermeasures including vehicle design and effective legislation.

This book focuses on the study of secondary task demands imposed by in-vehicle devices on the driver while driving. It provides a mechanism for researchers to evaluate how in-vehicle devices such as navigation systems – as well as other devices such as cell phones – affect driver distraction and impact safety. This book, which features the work presented by international experts at the 4th International Driver Metrics Workshop, in June 2008, offers a summary of the current state of driver metrics research. Edited by workshop moderator Dr. Gary L. Rupp, the book introduces vital information to support the design of in-vehicle information and communication systems (IVIS). Topics covered include: • Driver object and event detection • Peripheral detection tasks (PDT) • Tactile-based detection tasks (TDT) • Modified Sternberg method for assessing visual and cognitive load of in-vehicle tasks • Modified Sternberg method for assessing peripheral detection task and lane change tests • The relationship between performance metrics and crash risk • Characterizing driver behaviors observed in naturalist driving studies • Developing metrics from lane change test studies

It is estimated that, in the United States, around 20 percent of all Police-reported road crashes involve driver distraction as a contributing factor. This figure increases if other forms of inattention are considered. Evidence (reviewed in this volume) suggests that the situation is similar in other countries and that driver distraction and inattention are even more dangerous as contributing factors in crashes than drug and alcohol intoxication. Having a solid evidence-base from which to develop injury countermeasures is a cornerstone of road-safety management. This book adds to the accumulating evidence-base on driver distraction and inattention. With 24 chapters by 52 authors from more than 10 countries, it provides important new perspectives on the definition and meaning of driver distraction and inattention, the mechanisms that characterize them, the measurement of their effects, strategies for mitigating their effects, and recommendations for further research. The goal of this book is to inspire further research and countermeasure development to prevent and mitigate the potentially adverse effects of driver distraction and driver inattention, and, in doing so, to save lives.

Distinct from other forms of driver inattention, distraction occurs when a drivers attention is diverted away from driving by a secondary task that requires focusing on an object, event, or person not related to the driving task. Although existing data is inadequate and not representative of the driving population, it is estimated that drivers engage in potentially distracting secondary tasks approximately 30 percent of the time their vehicles are in motion. Conversation with passengers is the most frequent secondary task followed by eating, smoking, manipulating controls, reaching inside the vehicle, and cell phone use. Driver attention status is unknown for a large percentage of crash-involved drivers in the Crashworthiness Data System (CDS). However for the period between 1995 and 2003 it is estimated that 10.5 percent of crash-involved drivers were distracted at the time of their crash involvement. Approximately 70 percent of distracted drivers crashes were either non-collision (single-vehicle) or rearend collisions. A significant proportion of the existing literature is devoted to assessing the impact of cell phone use on driving performance and safety. Although cell phone use represents a relatively small part of the overall distraction problem, use among drivers is steadily growing with approximately 10 percent of drivers using some type of cell phone at any point in time. Although not representative of the U.S. experience, the available evidence suggests that cell phone use increases drivers crash risk by a factor of 4. Experimental studies consistently reveal driving performance degradation (primarily slowed response time) associated with cell phone use; however phone tasks used in these studies are generally unrealistic and often more complex than everyday phone conversations. Insufficient data exist to assess the distraction effects of in-vehicle information systems (IVIS), however experimental results suggest that voice-based interfaces are less distracting than those requiring manual entry (e.g., via keyboard). Standard behavioral countermeasures, including laws, enforcement, and sanctions, are considered unlikely to be effective because distraction is a broad societal problem associated with lifestyle patterns and choices. Options for environmental (roadway) strategies are limited. Considerable activity has been devoted to the development of guidelines for IVIS interface design, resulting in some improvements. Promising future developments include large-scale naturalistic data collections to provide objective and representative data on distraction incidence and crash risk, and advanced driver assistance technologies that monitor drivers visual behavior and manage the flow of information to the driver. Recommendations for future research are presented.

Driver Distraction: A Sociotechnical Systems Approach promotes a sociotechnical systems approach to driver distraction. This perspective focuses on analysis of the whole system, its values, and the interactions between human and technical elements at all organisational levels. The book covers the role that the sociotechnical system plays in the theory, study and mitigation of driver distraction. The book will be of interest to accident and incident investigation researchers and practitioners. Provides a review of the current state of driver distraction research Describes the development, application, and validation of a novel model of driver distraction that accounts for the sociotechnical system Discusses a new, systems-based, driver distraction definition Explains AcciMap analysis of the current legislation on driver distraction from technological devices Offers novel approaches to understanding why driver distraction occurs Presents a extensive framework of the causal factors that lead to distraction informed by drivers