Animal Experimentation: Working Towards a Paradigm Change critically appraises current animal use in science and discusses ways in which we can contribute to a paradigm change towards human-biology based approaches.

Scientific experiments using animals have contributed significantly to the improvement of human health. Animal experiments were crucial to the conquest of polio, for example, and they will undoubtedly be one of the keystones in AIDS research. However, some persons believe that the cost to the animals is often high. Authored by a committee of experts from various fields, this book discusses the benefits that have resulted from animal research, the scope of animal research today, the concerns of advocates of animal welfare, and the prospects for finding alternatives to animal use. The authors conclude with specific recommendations for more consistent government action.

The concept of the 3Rs (Refinement, Reduction and Replacement) has been used as a framework for improving the welfare of laboratory animals for the last half century. By establishing an animal-centric view on housing and management, Animal-centric Care and Management: Enhancing Refinement in Biomedical Research takes Russell and Burch’s definition of Refinement as "elimination of inhumanities" and goes further. Rather than fitting animals into experimental conditions, it encourages readers to adjust conditions to better meet the behavioral, emotional, physical, and physiological needs and preferences of the animals. The team of expert authors, from the fields of laboratory animal science, ethology, biology as well as animal training, provide ideas for creating housing conditions and handling procedures that induce, to the best of current abilities and knowledge, a long-term positive state of mind in the animals under our care. This book is written for animal caretakers, animal health technicians, researchers, animal facility managers, laboratory animal veterinarians, and anyone who engages in work with living experimental animals or is interested in the continuous improvement of laboratory animal welfare. This interdisciplinary guide will act as a catalyst, resulting in multiple viewpoints and fields collaborating to optimize laboratory animal welfare.

Animals are widely used in neuroscience research to explore biological mechanisms of nervous system function, to identify the genetic basis of disease states, and to provide models of human disorders and diseases for the development of new treatments. To ensure the humane care and use of animals, numerous laws, policies, and regulations are in place governing the use of animals in research, and certain animal regulations have implications specific to neuroscience research. To consider animal research regulations from a global perspective, the IOM Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders, in collaboration with the National Research Council and the Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, held a workshop in Buckinghamshire, UK, July 26-27, 2011. The workshop brought together neuroscientists, legal scholars, administrators, and other key stakeholders to discuss current and emerging trends in animal regulations as they apply to the neurosciences. This document summarizes the workshop.

Ch. 1. Scientific considerations and choice of species. ch. 1.1. The rationale for the use of animal models in biomedical research / Pierce Chow. ch. 1.2. Experimental animal models in biomedical resarch / Robert Ng. ch. 1.3. Nonhuman primates as models in biomedical research / Jason Vilano and Bryan Ogden -- ch. 2. Regulatory considerations in the use of animal models. ch. 2.1. Laws, regulations and guidelines for biomedical research in Singapore / Boon Theng Kuah. ch. 2.2. The functions of the institutional animal care and use committee / Pierce Chow. ch. 2.3. Responsibilities of principal investigators and research protocol evaluation / Hock Soo Ong. ch. 2.4. The 3R's, research variables and the use of alternatives / Hock Soo Ong. ch. 2.5. Use of statistics as determinant for number of animals used / Huihua Li. ch. 2.6. The advantages of accreditation with AAALAC / Bryan Ogden -- ch. 3. Animal handling and surgical procedures. ch. 3.1. General handling, restraint, oral dosing/gavage and injections in laboratory animals / Bryan Ogden. ch. 3.2. Blood collection from laboratory animals / Jason Villano. ch. 3.3. Antibiotic coverage and therapy / Darvi Sergio. ch. 3.4. Animal preparation and transport / Robert Ng. ch. 3.5. Preparation and implementation of animal surgery / Robert Ng. ch. 3.6. Animal intubation / Robert Ng. ch. 3.7. Anaesthesia and maintenance of homeostasis / Robert Ng. ch. 3.8. Animal euthanasia / Darvi Sergio. ch. 3.9. Rodent sentinel programme / Peik Khin Tan -- ch. 4. Basic animal investigative methods. ch. 4.1. Bioimaging in animals / David Ng [und weitere]. ch. 4.2. Histology sampling and techniques / In Chin Song. ch. 4.3. Animal tissue perfusion and preservation / Robert Ng. ch. 4.4. Animal cell culture / Kai Zhang and Peggy Yong. ch. 4.5. Application of microsurgical techniques in animal research / Bien Keem Tan [und weitere] -- ch. 5. Animal welfare considerations. ch. 5.1. Species specific caging configuration and design / Cindy Phua. ch. 5.2. Postoperative care and pain management / Jason Villano. ch. 5.3. Animal feeds and nutritional requirements / Peik Khin Tan -- ch. 6. Safety management of an animal facility. ch. 6.1. Occupational health and safety programme / Angela Goh. ch. 6.2. New employee and external users orientation / Inria Kurniawan Then. ch. 6.3. Radiation safety awareness in animal research / S. Somanesan. ch. 6.4. Emergency crisis management / Irene Kee. ch. 6.5. Zoonoses and laboratory animal allergies / Jason Villano -- ch. 7. Supporting facilities design. ch. 7.1. Clinical skills laboratory / Robert Ng. ch. 7.2. Animal research supporting laboratories / Robert Ng. ch. 7.3. Animal research and housing facilities / Robert Ng -- ch. 8. The development of comprehensive animal facilities in Singapore. ch. 8.1. History of the Department of Experimental Surgery as a reflection of translational research development in Singapore / Robert Ng

This open access book presents recent advances in the pure sciences that are of significance in the quest for alternatives to the use of animals in research and describes a variety of practical applications of the three key guiding principles for the more ethical use of animals in experiments – replacement, reduction, and refinement, collectively known as the 3Rs. Important examples from across the world of implementation of the 3Rs in the testing of cosmetics, chemicals, pesticides, and biologics, including vaccines, are described, with additional information on relevant regulations. The coverage also encompasses emerging approaches to alternative tests and the 3Rs. The book is based on the most informative contributions delivered at the Asian Congress 2016 on Alternatives and Animal Use in the Life Sciences. It will be of value for those working in R&D, for graduate students, and for educators in various fields, including the pharmaceutical and cosmetic sciences, pharmacology, toxicology, and animal welfare. The free, open access distribution of Alternatives to Animal Testing is enabled by the Creative Commons Attribution license in International version 4: CC BY 4.0.