Chapter 1, "Step 1: The Change Process," focuses on the change process and describes why and how schools engage in program restructuring and resource allocation. Chapter 2, "Step 2: Defining a New Educational Strategy," discusses decisions that must be made about the regular education program and how the various schools adopted, adapted or created curriculum and instructional strategies. Chapter 3, "Step 3: Organizing and Staffing the School to Support the New Educational Strategy," shows how core educational strategy decisions determine the cost structure of schools. It addresses such issues as student grouping, class size, planning and preparation time, and professional development. Chapter 4, "Step 4: Deciding How to Serve Students Who Need Extra Help," describes the resource requirements of choices for serving special needs students, including expensive new strategies funded through resource allocation. Chapter 5, "Step 5: Paying for the Changes," reviews the resource allocation strategies to pay for expensive new educational programs by such staff categories as regular classroom teachers, regular education specialists, remedial specialists, pupil support specialists, instructional aides, and other staff. Chapter 6, "Step 6: Effects of Resource Reallocation and District Roles to Support Such Change," examines how reallocation and restructuring strategies at two schools helped increase student achievement. (Contains 87 references.) (TEJ)

The 2021 edition of the Outlook addresses reallocation of resources to digitalisation in response to COVID-19, with special focuses on health, education and Industry 4.0. During the COVID-19 crisis, digitalisation has proved critical to ensuring the continuity of essential services.

Strengthening the health workforce in Saudi Arabia is central to ongoing reform efforts in the country and to the changing business priorities in the health sector and beyond. Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030 aims to increase the size and performance of the Saudi health workforce to meet changing population needs and to achieve ambitious social and economic targets and goals. This book presents rigorous, empirical, and quantitative evidence to support national-level strategic planning efforts on human resources for health in Saudi Arabia. The book, a collaborative effort between the Saudi Health Council and the World Bank, is a first to anticipate and quantify projected future labor market imbalances of nurses and physicians in Saudi Arabia and to identify solutions to close those gaps. Drawing on the latest principles and modeling techniques in epidemiology and economics, the book forecasts future imbalances between epidemiological need and labor market supply and demand. It culminates in a set of policy recommendations to improve the availability, distribution, and performance of Saudi nurses and physicians. The book is expected to be of interest to health workforce planners and health systems researchers working in Saudi Arabia and beyond.

As the inaugural issue in the Leadership for School Improvement (LSI) Special Interest Group (SIG) Book Series, this volume serves as a reflection on the foundations of the field of school improvement. Contents include connections between school improvement and the agency of principals, districts, universities, and policy. This volume will be placed in the school improvement literature with examinations of evolution, trends, policies, and future foci in the field of school improvement. This book is rich in research and literature about school improvement, school effectiveness, and school reform policy and implementation and thus holds significance for educational practitioners, scholars, and policy makers at all levels.

Conversations, debates, and policies toward higher education remain in an uncritical mode of normality on issues such as inclusion, exclusion, and equity. In addition, the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic has starkly highlighted the fragility of the higher education system and has raised salient questions related to inclusivity and quality in all aspects. Sustaining Higher Education Through Resource Allocation, Learning Design Models, and Academic Development fills a gap in the existing literature by introducing current practices and procedures in the face of the new normal as they affect the higher education sector. The book also addresses the various issues of current interest in the higher education sector relative to teaching and learning, student support, staff development, curriculum development, educational technologies, learning design models, and resource allocation. Covering key topics such as student engagement, assessment practices, and academic development, this premier reference source is ideal for administrators, researchers, scholars, academicians, practitioners, instructors, and students.

There are many textbooks for business students that provide a systematic, introductory development of the economics of financial markets. However, there are as yet no introductory textbooks aimed at more easily daunted undergraduate liberal arts students. Introduction to the Economics of Financial Markets fills this gap by providing an extremely accessible introductory exposition of how economists analyze both how, and how well, financial markets organize the intertemporal allocation of scarce resources. The central theme is that the function of a system of financial markets is to enable consumers, investors, and managers of firms to effect mutually beneficial intertemporal exchanges. James Bradfield uses the standard concept of economic efficiency (Pareto Optimality) to assess the efficacy of the financial markets. He presents an intuitive, and introductory, understanding of the primary theoretical and empirical models that economists use to analyze financial markets, and then uses these models to discuss implications for public policy. Students who use this text will acquire an understanding of the economics of financial markets that will enable them to read, with some sophistication, articles in the public press about financial markets and about public policy toward those markets. The book is addressed to undergraduate students in the liberal arts, but will also be useful for undergraduate and beginning graduate students in programs of business administration who want an understanding of how economists assess financial markets against the criteria of allocative and informational efficiency.