The isolation of graphene has led to a surge of interest in other 2D materials, primarily layered semiconducting materials that can be utilized in a wide range of applications including but not limited to : optoelectronics, sensing, low-power transistors and flexible electronics. One family of 2D materials that has garnered significant interest is transition metal dichalcogenides. Currently the mechanical exfoliation of these materials is the preferred method for device fabrication. Numerous approaches have been employed to grow crystalline thin films of these materials. Despite the progress that has been made, it is still challenging to achieve growth of defect free, large-area uniform thin films. Before wide-scale application of these materials can be achieved some key issue such as monolayer controllability still need to be further investigated. Here we present our investigation on the thin film growth of 2D transition metal dichalcogenides via metal-organic molecular beam epitaxy (MOMBE), a method not widely used to study the growth of 2D materials, but one that holds promise. This work primarily focuses on the growth of tungsten-based transition metal dichalcogenides and to a lesser extent tungsten-based TMD alloys. We utilize X-ray synchrotron radiation in order to characterize the thin films during growth in situ and in real-time. We also utilize numerous ex situ characterization techniques in this work, such as atomic force microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. We investigate the growth of thin films, specifically the effect of various growth conditions. We consider how the ratio of the incident species affects the growth rate, nucleation and quality of thin films. We also investigated the impact of substrate temperature, the starting substrate and the carrier gas flow rate on the mode of growth, the growth rate, morphology and the composition of the thin films grown by MOMBE. We also employed this approach for the growth of tungsten-based alloys. We find that the carrier gas flow rate and substrate temperature have a significant effect on growth. We also observe that depending on the ratio of incident species, unwanted byproducts may be produced. Finally, using this growth method along with synchrotron characterization techniques, we demonstrate the near layer-by-layer growth of TMD thin films with the expected stoichiometry.

This book summarizes the current status of theoretical and experimental progress in 2 dimensional graphene-like monolayers and few-layers of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs). Semiconducting monolayer TMDCs, due to the presence of a direct gap, significantly extend the potential of low-dimensional nanomaterials for applications in nanoelectronics and nano-optoelectronics as well as flexible nano-electronics with unprecedented possibilities to control the gap by external stimuli. Strong quantum confinement results in extremely high exciton binding energies which forms an interesting platform for both fundamental studies and device applications. Breaking of spatial inversion symmetry in monolayers results in strong spin-valley coupling potentially leading to their use in valleytronics. Starting with the basic chemistry of transition metals, the reader is introduced to the rich field of transition metal dichalcogenides. After a chapter on three dimensional crystals and a description of top-down and bottom-up fabrication methods of few-layer and single layer structures, the fascinating world of two-dimensional TMDCs structures is presented with their unique atomic, electronic, and magnetic properties. The book covers in detail particular features associated with decreased dimensionality such as stability and phase-transitions in monolayers, the appearance of a direct gap, large binding energy of 2D excitons and trions and their dynamics, Raman scattering associated with decreased dimensionality, extraordinarily strong light-matter interaction, layer-dependent photoluminescence properties, new physics associated with the destruction of the spatial inversion symmetry of the bulk phase, spin-orbit and spin-valley couplings. The book concludes with chapters on engineered heterostructures and device applications such as a monolayer MoS2 transistor. Considering the explosive interest in physics and applications of two-dimensional materials, this book is a valuable source of information for material scientists and engineers working in the field as well as for the graduate students majoring in materials science.

This book presents advanced synthesis techniques adopted to fabricate two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) materials with its enhanced properties towards their utilization in various applications such as, energy storage devices, photovoltaics, electrocatalysis, electronic devices, photocatalysts, sensing and biomedical applications. It provides detailed coverage on everything from the synthesis and properties to the applications and future prospects of research in 2D TMD nanomaterials.

First published in 1980, this is a Festschrift to honour Professor David Schoenberg, FRS, on the subject of electrons at the Fermi surface.

Within the last two decades, the experimental technology for the study of high temperature solid-vapor and liquid-vapor equilibria has mushroomed so fast that· both academic and industrial research ers desirous of working in this field -- be they physical chemists, metallurgists, ceramists, petrologists, crystal chemists, or mem bers of any of the several branches of materials science -- find themselves in the situation that in order to learn the art of the latest techniques, a period of apprenticeship or residency needs be spent at an institution or laboratory currently engaged in this type of solid-vapor or liquid-vapor research. The tech niques for control of the vapor phase at total pressures of one atmosphere or greater have not been well defined in the literature. Therefore, the purpose of this volume will be to serve as a labora tory manual for the control, calibration, and measurement of high temperature-high pressure equilibria. The avowed aims of this treatment of experimental techniques are: (1) to give, in terms understandable at the graduate student level, the laboratory procedures necessary to the design and utilization of good experimental technique, (2) to list the limitations, dangers, and technical pitfalls inherent or intrinsic to the described techniques, (3) to give theory and specific data only where they are essential to the experimental design, (4) to give with each chapter references that are extensive enough to serve as a bibliography of the state-of-the-art of technique development within the last decade.

This book describes the rapidly expanding field of two-dimensional (2D) transition metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes). It covers fundamental knowledge on synthesis, structure, and properties of these new materials, and a description of their processing, scale-up and emerging applications. The ways in which the quickly expanding family of MXenes can outperform other novel nanomaterials in a variety of applications, spanning from energy storage and conversion to electronics; from water science to transportation; and in defense and medical applications, are discussed in detail.

Monthly. Papers presented at recent meeting held all over the world by scientific, technical, engineering and medical groups. Sources are meeting programs and abstract publications, as well as questionnaires. Arranged under 17 subject sections, 7 of direct interest to the life scientist. Full programs of meetings listed under sections. Entry gives citation number, paper title, name, mailing address, and any ordering number assigned. Quarterly and annual indexes to subjects, authors, and programs (not available in monthly issues).