Photoinitiating systems for polymerization reactions are largely encountered in a variety of traditional and high-tech sectors, such as radiation curing, (laser) imaging, (micro)electronics, optics, and medicine. This book extensively covers radical and nonradical photoinitiating systems and is divided into four parts: * Basic principles in photopolymerization reactions * Radical photoinitiating systems * Nonradical photoinitiating systems * Reactivity of the photoinitiating system The four parts present the basic concepts of photopolymerization reactions, review all of the available photoinitiating systems and deliver a thorough description of the encountered mechanisms. A large amount of experimental and theoretical data has been collected herein. This book allows the reader to gain a clear understanding by providing a general discussion of the photochemistry and chemistry involved. The most recent and exciting developments, as well as the promising prospects for new applications, are outlined.

Volume three deals specifically with the role of monomers and resins in radiation curing. The nature of the backbone of ologomers leads to the ultimate physical or chemical properties of the UV-cured material. This chapter also covers aspects of the chemistry of these compounds in relation to their end uses.

Volume Four discusses the applications of radiation curing and provides a synopsis of the latest research in coatings; graphic arts; microelectronics; optical fibres; adhesives; 3D machining; membranes and holographic optical elements as well as considering the worldwide trends in the market.

Volume Four discusses the applications of radiation curing and provides a synopsis of the latest research in coatings; graphic arts; microelectronics; optical fibres; adhesives; 3D machining; membranes and holographic optical elements as well as considering the worldwide trends in the market.

The use of photoinitiators in the UV curing process shows remarkable possibilities in myriad applications. Highlighting critical factors such as reactivity, cure speeds, and application details, Industrial Photoinitiators: A Technical Guide is a practical, accessible, industrially oriented text that explains the theory, describes the products, and

The aim of this four-volume, multi-author reference work is to provide a comprehensive guide to the radiation curing field. Volume Two is devoted to the chemistry of photoinitiators, presenting and discussing basic concepts and the reactivity of typical systems.

The demand for photoinitiators has been steadily increasing since benzoin ethers, latent radical sources activated by UV light, were first industrially employed in particle-board finishing in the 1960s. Among the factors con tributing to the continuing success of photoinitiators are the widespread adoption of dry coatings which eliminate the environmental problems as sociated with solution polymerisation and the development of new printing and resist applications. All of the early commercial photoinitiators were organic compounds, primarily derivatives of benzil or acetophenone. But as research in organo metallic chemistry gained momentum, the potential advantages of organo metallic complexes as photoinitiators became evident. Not only would the use of metal-based compounds allow polymerisation to be initiated by lower energy, and, therefore, more economical visible light but the absorption characteristics and reactivity of these complexes could be fine tuned to fit the specific application requirements by manipulation of the metal ligands. In fact, the recent commercialisation of the first two organo-metallic photoinitiators, a titanocene (see p. 347) and a (cyclopentadienyl)(arene)iron(II) salt (see p. 359), bears testimony to the mounting importance and versatility of metal complexes as latent sources of radicals and/or Lewis acids. The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of photopolymerisation with metal species, whether they be metal ions, inorganic or organo-metallic complexes.