The (100) face of silicon supports some of the most important aspects of modern chemistry, not the least of which is its role as the foundation on which semiconductor technologies are built. Current state-of-the-art fabrication processes have reached an impasse, however, in that they can no longer decrease the circuitry dimensions. At this scale, macroscopic electronic behavior yields to the quantum nature of the materials. Future efforts to shrink electronic devices will require precise control of molecules and the quantum mechanics of charge conduction through them. In this thesis we examine two surface science techniques that are often used in nanotechnology: scanning tunneling microscopy and scanning tunneling spectroscopy. A quantum theoretical treatment of each method is presented and simplifications are made that allow the theory to be applied to chemical systems of interest. Case studies are used for both analytical techniques to illustrate the parallels and departures that manifest themselves between calculation and experiment.

The scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) was invented by Binnig and Rohrer and received a Nobel Prize of Physics in 1986. Together with the atomic force microscope (AFM), it provides non-destructive atomic and subatomic resolution on surfaces. Especially, in recent years, internal details of atomic and molecular wavefunctions are observed and mapped with negligible disturbance. Since the publication of its first edition, this book has been the standard reference book and a graduate-level textbook educating several generations of nano-scientists. In Aug. 1992, the co-inventor of STM, Nobelist Heinrich Rohrer recommended: "The Introduction to Scanning tunnelling Microscopy by C.J. Chen provides a good introduction to the field for newcomers and it also contains valuable material and hints for the experts". For the second edition, a 2017 book review published in the Journal of Applied Crystallography said "Introduction to Scanning tunnelling Microscopy is an excellent book that can serve as a standard introduction for everyone that starts working with scanning probe microscopes, and a useful reference book for those more advanced in the field". The third edition is a thoroughly updated and improved version of the recognized "Bible" of the field. Additions to the third edition include: theory, method, results, and interpretations of the non-destructive observation and mapping of atomic and molecular wavefunctions; elementary theory and new verifications of equivalence of chemical bond interaction and tunnelling; scanning tunnelling spectroscopy of high Tc superconductors; imaging of self-assembled organic molecules on the solid-liquid interfaces. Some key derivations are rewritten using mathematics at an undergraduate level to make it pedagogically sound.

Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Basic Concepts and Applications of Scanning Tunneling Microscopy, Erice, Italy, April 17-29, 1989

This full-color, modern physical chemistry reference offers compelling applications and arresting illustrations that capture readers' attention and demonstrate the dynamic nature of the subject. The authors focus on core topics of physical chemistry, presented within a modern framework of applications. Modern applications are drawn from biology, environmental science, and material science. Spectroscopy applications are introduced early in concert with theory; for example, IR and rotational spectroscopy are discussed immediately after the harmonic oscillator and the rigid rotar. Modern research is featured throughout, along with new developments in the field such as scanning tunneling microscopy, bandgap engineering, quantum wells, teleportation, and quantum computing. From Classical to Quantum Mechanics; The Schrödinger Equation; The Quantum Mechanical Postulates; Using Quantum Mechanics on Simple Systems; The Particle in the Box and the Real World; Commuting and Noncommuting Operators and the Surprising Consequences; A Quantum Mechanical Model for the Vibration and Rotation of Mole; The Vibrational and Rotational Spectroscopy of Diatomic Molecules; The Hydrogen Atom; Many-Electron Atoms; Quantum States for Many-electron Atoms and Atomic Spectroscopy; The Chemical Bond in Diatomic Molecules; Molecular Structure and Energy Levels for Polyatomic Molecules; Electronic Spectroscopy; Computational Chemistry; Molecular Symmetry; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. A useful reference for chemistry professionals.

This study investigates the Copper(111) – Antimony (Sb) system which is characterized by a complex interplay between adsorbate interactions and adsorbate substrate interactions which manifest through self-assembly processes. Surface sensitive techniques such as Low Energy Electron Diffraction and Auger Electron Spectroscopy were utilized to determine the substrate cleanliness prior to the growth of monolayer Sb coverage. The surface chemical reactivity on an atom-by-atom basis of the Cu sample surface was studied by current imaging tunneling spectroscopy. The use of surface sensitive techniques in studying the surface alloy in question allows for more precise statements to be made about the surface structure of the system at various temperatures. Based on the experimental results, a comprehensive study of the adsorption and segregation behavior of Sb on Cu(111), including the mechanisms for phase formation at the atomic scale, is presented in this study.

Scanning tunneling microscopy has achieved remarkable progress and become the key technology for surface science. This book predicts the future development for all of scanning probe microscopy (SPM). Such forecasts may help to determine the course ultimately taken and may accelerate research and development on nanotechnology and nanoscience, as well as all in SPM-related fields in the future.

Scanning Probe Microscopy - Analytical Methods provides a comprehensive overview of the analytical methods on the nanometer scale based on scanning probe microscopy and spectroscopy. Numerous examples of applications of the chemical contrast mechanism down to the atomic scale in surface physics and chemistry are discussed with extensive references to original work in the recent literature.