This book starts with an extended introductory treatise on the fundamentals before moving on to a detailed description of the new methods of purification of transition metals and rare earth metals.

This book starts with an extended introductory treatise on the fundamentals before moving on to a detailed description of the new methods of purification of transition metals and rare earth metals.

The Entrepreneurship in the Raw Materials Sector proceeding is a collection of papers focusing on the macroeconomic aspects of green growth, the business opportunities in the raw materials sector, and the challenges in entrepreneurship, entrepreneurship training. These papers were presented during the closing conference of LIMBRA (‘Decreasing the negative outcomes of brain drain in the raw materials sector‘), a project funded by EIT Raw Materials in the period of 2019-2021. LIMBRA primarily aims at generating new entrepreneurial ideas in the raw materials sector, and to encourage engineering students graduating in raw materials-related programmes to start their own businesses. This proceeding offers a good summary of our approach, and our results: identify the critical trends in the macroeconomic environment; learn about the specifics of the raw materials markets; develop new business ideas, and rely on your local ecosystem for extra knowledge, mentoring; and finally, help students to "Become stay-at-home entrepreneurs".

Extractive Metallurgy of Titanium: Conventional and Recent Advances in Extraction and Production of Titanium Metal contains information on current and developing processes for the production of titanium. The methods for producing Ti metal are grouped into two categories, including the reduction of TiCl4 and the reduction of TiO2, with their processes classified as either electrochemical or thermochemical. Descriptions of each method or process include both the fundamental principles of the method and the engineering challenges in their practice. In addition, a review of the chemical and physical characteristics of the product produced by each method is included. Sections cover the purity of titanium metal produced based on ASTM and other industry standards, energy consumption, cost and the potential environmental impacts of the processes. Provides information on new and developing low cost, high integrity methods for titanium metal production Discusses new markets for titanium due to the decreased cost of newly developed processes Covers specific information on new methods, including the chemical and physical characteristics produced

Separation of chemical species is a gate to final success of synthesis and preparation of compounds in pure and defined state. Variability of natural and artificial mixtures to be treated is enormous. Task of chemistry is to separate components of homogeneous mixtures (the gaseous and liquid solutions). The book concentrates on understanding the basic philosophies of both equilibrium and nonequilibrium chemical thermodynamics and engineering performance that lay in principle of separation technique such as distillation, crystallization, centrifugation, sorption, membrane separations, chromatography, and liquid-liquid extraction. Specific phenomena connected with photochemical separation, isotope composition, and radioactivity are discussed as well. The book is written for advanced students of chemistry having the knowledge of physical chemistry. Calculation examples are based on the international system of units. Unique list of over 1,300 full references covers scientific literature of the eighteenth to the twenty-first centuries.