Although only about 3 years have passed since the preparation of the original manuscript of this book for the Russian edition, the number of successful experiments on somatic hybridization of higher plants has doubled. Although the main inferences of the first edition still remain in force, most of them have received conclusive experimental support and, moreover, some new con clusions have been drawn. It can be expected that these inferences and conclusions will constitute a more or less durable foundation for somatic cell genetics of higher plants. We thus hope this book will also remain useful over the next years, in spite of the rapid progress of experiments and the increase in the number of scientific reports in this field. Though it might appear strange to an uninvolved observer, the principal progress in hybridization of somatic cells of higher plants has been due to plant physiologists (who entered the field by elaborating methods and techniques for plant cell and, later, for isolated protoplast culture) rather than plant geneticists. However, further qualitative improvement in this field is inconceivable without the instillation of genetic ideology and the strict logic of genetic experiments. The main purpose ofthis book is the attempt to organize the available experimental data in terms and cate gories of genetic analysis. For this reason, this book lays no claim on being a comprehensive treatise on somatic hybridization.

The techniques of plant organ, tissue, and cell culture concentrated on reproducibility, simplicity and accu are now established in many research laboratories racy with sufficient illustration to make all mani throughout the world and are being used in numerous pulations clear. areas of plant science. Methods have been developed The drawings of items used in the bench layout to propagate plants and free them from viruses using diagrams are symbolic and are 'keyed in' by number to shoot tip culture. The regeneration of plants from callus the list of materials and equipment. A line around an culture has also proved useful commercially. Elegant item indicates that is sterile. techniques have been used to synthesise somatic The adoption of an integrated text in which diagrams hybrids by the fusion of protoplasts and to transform are related spatially to the methods will, we hope, help cells. These and many other techniques have been the student to grasp the techniques quickly and effec and can be used to investigate a variety of botanical tively. This is first and foremost a manual which has its phenomena as well as to improve crop plants and now place on the laboratory bench open in front of the provide an important part of the basic experimental student, a book to be used! skills required by a majority of experimental botanists.

Until now, information on fungal protoplasts has been scattered throughout various sources. With authoritative reviews of protoplast isolation and applications in fungal biology research, Fungal Protoplasts: Applications in Biochemistry and Genetics is the first volume devoted to a major area in experimental mycology-fungal protoplasts. Written by 18 pioneering experts, this unmatched, illustrated reference presents well-established knowledge of protoplast research as well as newer ideas and methods. The book encompasses advances in protoplast isolation techniques and methodology, uses of protoplasts in physiological, biochemical, and genetic studies, and developments in protoplast fusion that form the basis for transformation and gene cloning experiments, including applications in industrial biotechnology. This fact-filled book also features end-of-chapter bibliographies for further research.

Yeast Protocols contains many key techniques for studying the biology of yeasts at both the cellular and molecular levels. Working primarily from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the expert contributors explain step-by-step how to successfully isolate, identify, and culture yeasts; the secrets of meiotic mapping; how to use PFGE in karyotyping and gene localization; the methods for purification and analysis of various cell components; and the construction and exploitation of genomic DNA clone banks. They also cover the latest methods for chromosome engineering, insertional mutagenesis by Ty elements, mRNA abundance and half-life measurements, the use of reporter gene systems, genotoxicity testing, and more. Yeast Protocols follows the widely applauded Humana Methods in Molecular Biology style: brief introductions putting the particular method in context, comprehensive lists of materials, cookbook style instructions, and troubleshooting notes to avoid common pitfalls and solve problems. The techniques can be used with confidence and success by both inexperienced newcomers and established researchers.

Wild taxa are invaluable sources of resistance to diseases, insects/ pests, nematodes, temperature extremes, salinity and alkalinity stresses, and also of nutritional quality; adaptation; genetic diversity and new species. Utilization of wild relatives of a crop depends largely upon its crossability relations with cultivated varieties. Sev eral wild species are not crossable with the commercial cultivars due to various isolation barriers. Furthermore, in a few cases, hybridiza tion is possible only in one direction and reciprocal crosses are not successful, thus depriving the utilization of desired cytoplasm of many species. However, techniques have been developed to over come many barriers and hybrid plants are produced. New crop species have been developed by overcoming the F 1 sterility and producing amphidiploids and such crops are commercially being grown in the field. The segregation pattern ofF 1 hybrids produced by distant hybridization in segregating generations are different from the intervarietal hybrids. In former cases, generally, unidirectional segregation takes place in early generations and accordingly, selec tion procedures are adopted. In most of the cases, backcross or modified backcross methods have been followed to utilize wild species, and thus numerous types of resistance and other economical attributes have been transferred in the recurrent parents. Protoplast fusion has been amply demonstrated in a number of cases where sexual hybridization was not possible and, as a result, hybrids have been produced.