Excerpt from Proceedings of the Second Annual Convention Held in Fruit Growers Hall, Bendersville, Pa., Wednesday, Thursday and Friday, Dec. 12, 13, 14, 1906 Endive. A much used salad by the chefs. The curled sorts with broad white rib are in greatest demand. They must be thoroughly bleached. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

Excerpt from Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Convention Held in Fruit Growers Hall, Bendersville, Penna., Wednesday, Thursday and Friday, Dec. 13, 14, 15, 1911 Ist. 'by securing and disseminating such scientific and practical informa tion as shall promote the general advancement of the fruit growing interests in this county, and shall tend to the improvement of the quality and quantity of our products. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

Excerpt from Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual Convention: Held in Fruit Growers Hall, Bendersville, Penna., Wednesday, Thursday and Friday, December 15, 16, 17, 1915 If the courts shall finally decided that our legislature was withoutably safe wagons, trucks, harness, horses, ladders, pruning apparatus, ropes, chains and farm machinery, and other instrumentalities of your work, and to reasonably guard any dangerous machinery in so far as guarding will not interfere with the operation of such ma chinery. And in addition to the four rules mentioned, it is your constant duty to exercise due care in inspecting and maintaining your premises and appliances in such reasonably safe condition. So long as you observe the duties mentioned you are not respon sible in damages for any injury sustained by an employee in the course of his employment, because such injuries the law ascribes to the risk of the business, which risk the workman is held to have as sumed. This rule' of law may be relied upon by you in any present action brought against you by an injured employee. It constitutes one of the common law defenses known as the assumption of risk. As an illustration of the application of this rule it may be said: If an experienced workman engaged in trimming the branches of a fruit tree should be injured by the falling branches, the fruit grower is not responsible because that is a risk that the workman must as sume. If the driver of your team while conveying fruit to a station is injured by the carelessness of your neighbor's driver, you are not responsible. Your driver assumed the risk of such accident. And again, if you furnish a new ladder of standard construction and ma terial to be used in fruit picking and it is free from defects that would be apparent upbn a reasonable examination of it, you are justi hed in considering such ladder to be a safe appliance, and if by reason of a hidden defect it break and a fruit picker be injured thereby, you will not be liable because under the doctrine of assump tion of risk the fruit picker is held to have assumed the risk of such accident. You will understand that in the illustrations given the absence of liability was due to the fact that you had performed your full duties. But under the existing law, although you should fail to fulfill in some particular the duties imposed upon you, and by reason of such fail ure an injury is sustained by a workman, such workman cannot re cover from you if his own negligence contributed in the slightest degree to the in jury. This rule is known as the common law defense of contributory negligence. Thus, if you furnish an employee with a defective appliance and such defect is known to the employee, he is guilty of contributory negligence if he uses it and is injured there by. As, for instance, if you provide a ladder for a fruit picker and such ladder is apparently unsafe, if the fruit picker uses it and is ih jured thereby, you are not responsible. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

Excerpt from Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual Convention, Vol. 12: Held at Chicago, Ill., February 14, 15, 16, 17, 1916 A. J. Maynard, Chairman, State Farm, Mass. William P. Anderson, Cincinnati, Ohio. William K. Hatt, Lafayette, Ind. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

A new interpretation of the Underground Railroad that places violence at the center of the story.

RURAL TEXTBOOK SERIES Edited by L. H. Bailey Modern Fruit Production THE MACMILLAN COMPANY NEW YORK. BOSTON CHICAGO DALLAS ATLAN1A SAN FRANCISCO MACMILLAN AND CO., LIMITED LONDON BOMBAY CALCUTTA MADRAS MELBOURNE THE MACMILLAN COMPANY OF CANADA, LIMITED TORONTO Modern Fruit Production by JOSEPH HARVEY GOURLEY HORTICULTURIST THE OHIO AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION PROFESSOR OF HORTICULTURE THE OHIO STATE U N I V E R S I T Y FREEMAN SMITH HOWLETT ASSOCIATE HORTICULTURIST - THE OHIO AGRI CULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OF HORTICULTURE THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY New York The Macmillan Company COPYRIGHT, 1941, BY THE MACMILLAN COMPANY ALL RIGHTS RESERVED NO PART OF THIS BOOK MAY BE REPRODUCED IN ANY FORM WITHOUT PERMISSION IN WRITING FROM THE PUBLISHER, EXCEPT BY A REVIEWER WHO WISHES TO QUOTE BRIEF PASSAGES IN CONNECTION WITH A REVIEW WRITTEN FOR INCLUSION IN MAGAZINE OR NEWSPAPER Published February, PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AMERICAN BOOK-STRATFORD PRESS, INC., NEW YORK PREFACE Orcharding and small fruit culture represent a major phase of American agriculture, both domestic and export. With the in tensified development of the industry, the science of horticulture becomes more complex, and the professional horticulturist, the student, and the grower all feel the need of additional training and a ready source of recent research. Not only the American, but also the foreign, literature is increasing rapidly, and every branch of study demands consideration. The student of fruit culture, whether in or outside college, should have a grasp of general concepts. He should strive to interpret physiology, morphology, soils, chemistry, and other fundamental sciences interms of fruit plants and their products. The authors hope that they have presented the fundamentals in such a way that they become of vital concern to the serious student. At the same time, they have endeavored to present the most acceptable practices of American fruitgrowing. Pomology has developed into a science in its own right, similar in its fundamental background to other plant sciences. The horti culturist must always remember, however, that he is the representa tive of a vast industry, and that his scientific efforts and leadership must be based on practical considerations. No effort is made, therefore, to force scientific data into this text except as they form a basis for modern fruit production. The general subject of insect and disease control has not been included in this volume. The field is so extensive and specialized as to lie outside our immediate purposes hence only incidental reference is made to sprays and spray practice. The present volume represents a complete rewriting and expan sion of the Text-Book of Pomology. While a few portions of it remain much the same as they were in the original text, by far the major vi PREFACE portion of material is entirely new both as to American and foreign sources. Acknowledgments The authors of this work have drawn freely upon the published material of their associates in the general plant field. Although no attempt or pretention has been made to cite all acceptable literature dealing with a subject, yet the authors have endeavored to select such representative experiments and data as would assist the reader to a better understanding of the problem. Fellow workers have been most helpful either in reading portions of the text orin offer ing suggestions through correspondence, and also in furnishing illustrative material. Our sincere appreciation is hereby expressed. We are particularly indebted to Dr. J. R. Magness for a critical and helpful reading of the entire manuscript. Special assistance and courtesies have been extended by Dr. F. P. Cullinan, Dr. R. M. Smock, Dr. Leon Havis, Professor F. H. Beach, Dr. Reid M. Brooks, and Dr. L. D. Baver. Two of our students, Wesley P. Judkins and David Allmendinger, assisted in the compiling of data and the checking of literature. To Jean W...