Examining the record of contractors essential to the conduct of recent conflicts around the world, this book looks at the evolution of US reliance on contract support as well as the various types of contractors such as consultants, service providers, and security firms.

"The United States has long utilized private military contractors to augment regular military forces in support of its national foreign policy and security needs. Commonly referred to as Private Military Companies (PMCs), contractors employ and manage civilian personnel from the private sector in areas of active military operations. Frequently, regular troops become dependent on the services contractors provide a situation that may negatively impact military effectiveness. Since 1991, contractor support on and off the battlefield has become increasingly more visible, varied, and commonplace. Given the current manpower and resource limitations of the national military, the US will likely continue its extensive use of PMCs in support of military operations. This work addresses historical precedents and trends in American logistics, the current scope of contractor involvement in support of regular military forces, and the challenges posed as traditional military institutions integrate increasing numbers of civilian workers and privately owned assets into the battlespace. These problems increase the risk to US personnel and can induce budget overruns rather than savings, disrupt civil-military relations, and have detrimental consequences for the American economy and society. The work concludes by proposing a useful rubric to evaluate this new American way of war. This work considers PMCs and their interdependence with regular and reserve military units in a broad sense. It derives from unclassified material widely available; understandably, these sources limit the analysis. Lessons learned from the Operation IRAQI FREEDOM (OIF) and Operation ENDURING FREEDOM (OEF) theaters may alter findings. However, this study endeavors to frame the continuing dialog concerning the appropriate use of PMCs to support regular troops."--Abstract from DTIC web site.

This book explores the use of deadly force by private security companies during the Iraq War. The work focuses on and compares the activities of the US companies Blackwater and Dyncorp. Despite sharing several important characteristics, such as working for the same client (the US State Department) during the same time period, the employees of Blackwater fired their weapons far more often, and killed and seriously injured far more people in Iraq than their counterparts in DynCorp. In order to explain this disparity, the book undertakes the most comprehensive analysis ever attempted on the use of violence by the employees of these firms. Based on extensive empirical research, it offers a credible explanation for this difference: Blackwater maintained a relatively bellicose military culture that placed strong emphasis on norms encouraging its personnel to exercise personal initiative, proactive use of force, and an exclusive approach to security, which, together, motivated its personnel to use violence quite freely against anyone they suspected of posing a threat. Specifically, Blackwater’s military culture motivated its personnel to fire upon suspected threats more quickly, at greater distances, and with a greater quantity of bullets, and to more readily abandon the people they shot at when compared to DynCorp’s personnel, who maintained a military culture that encouraged far less violent behaviour. Utilizing the Private Security Company Violent Incident Dataset (PSCVID), created by the author in 2012, the book draws upon data on hundreds of violent incidents involving private security personnel in Iraq to identify trends in the behaviour exhibited by the employees of different firms. Based on this rich and original empirical data, the book provides the definitive study of contemporary private security personnel in the Iraq War. This book will be of much interest to students of the Iraq War, Private Security Companies, Military Studies, War and Conflict Studies and IR in general.

Private Armies, Public Wars: The Brave New World of Private Military Companies is a groundbreaking exploration of the contemporary landscape of warfare, examining the rise and impact of private military companies (PMCs) on the global stage. Written by an esteemed geopolitics expert and military history researcher, this book provides a comprehensive and thought-provoking examination of the multifaceted world of private military operations. Drawing upon historical perspectives, legal frameworks, economic dynamics, and case studies from around the world, this book offers a nuanced and in-depth analysis of the complex relationship between states, armed conflicts, and the private entities that operate within them. It delves into the motivations, challenges, and implications of the growing presence of PMCs, shedding light on both the opportunities they present and the ethical dilemmas they raise. Private Armies, Public Wars presents a balanced and objective assessment of the forces driving the expansion of the PMC industry. It explores the historical roots of mercenaries and traces their evolution into modern-day private military companies. The book examines the economic appeal of outsourcing military capabilities and the potential implications for state sovereignty and the monopoly on the use of force. Through vivid case studies, the author uncovers the diverse roles that PMCs play in conflicts worldwide, from providing security and logistical support to participating in active combat. The author explores the impact of PMCs on local populations, human rights concerns, and the challenges of regulating an industry that operates beyond traditional legal frameworks. Moreover, the book delves into emerging trends and challenges in the PMC industry, including the integration of advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence and machine learning, the use of biometric and identity verification technologies. It analyzes the potential benefits and risks associated with these technological advancements, providing valuable insights into the changing nature of warfare in the 21st century. It also addresses the growing importance of communication technologies, the role of private intelligence agencies in modern warfare and the implications of hybrid warfare and disinformation campaigns. Private Armies, Public Wars is a critical examination of the complex interplay between states, private entities, and the pursuit of military objectives. It challenges conventional notions of warfare and offers a fresh perspective on the evolving dynamics of global conflicts. The author provides a comprehensive and well-researched analysis, drawing on a wide range of sources and expertise to present a comprehensive overview of the PMC industry. This book is essential reading for scholars, policymakers, military professionals, and anyone interested in understanding the contemporary landscape of warfare and the evolving role of private military companies. It serves as a call to action, urging readers to engage in meaningful discussions and debates about the ethical, legal, and strategic implications of the growing influence of private actors in the world's conflicts.

This book offers a comprehensive moral theory of privatization in war. It examines the kind of wars that private actors might wage separate from the state and the kind of wars that private actors might wage as functionaries of the state. The first type of war serves to probe the ad bellum question of whether private actors can justifiably authorize war, while the second type of war serves to probe the in bello question of whether private actors can justifiably participate in war. The cases that drive the analysis are drawn from the rich and complicated history of private military action, stretching back centuries to the Italian city-states whose mercenaries were reviled by Machiavelli. The book also takes up the hypothetical examples conjured by philosophers—the private protective agencies of Robert Nozick’s Anarchy, State, and Utopia, for example, and the private armies of Thomas More’s Utopia. The aim of this book is to propose a theory of privatization that retains currency not only in assessing current military engagements, but past and future ones as well. In doing so, it also raises a set of important questions about the very enterprise of war. This book will be of much interest to students of ethics, political philosophy, military studies, international relations, war and conflict studies, and security studies.

Mercenaries are more powerful than experts realize, a grave oversight. Those who assume they are cheap imitations of national armed forces invite disaster because for-profit warriors are a wholly different genus and species of fighter. Private military companies such as the Wagner Group are more like heavily armed multinational corporations than the Marine Corps. Their employees are recruited from different countries, and profitability is everything. Patriotism is unimportant, and sometimes a liability. Unsurprisingly, mercenaries do not fight conventionally, and traditional war strategies used against them may backfire.