This historic book may have numerous typos and missing text. Purchasers can usually download a free scanned copy of the original book (without typos) from the publisher. Not indexed. Not illustrated. 1912 edition. Excerpt: ...specialist alone is capable of distinguishing the varying shadows and densities. The negative should be made so as to distinctly show the parts under consideration. If the negative is found to be defective, another should be made; but, if this is impossible or not practical, the negative may be improved according to the process mentioned under photography. Many negatives are so poor that they can not be improved, and no time should be lost with them. The x-ray specialist should make himself thoroughly familiar with the normal appearance of the various parts of the human body as shown by the skiagraph, for only in this way can he hope to become a competent judge of a skiagraph. It must be remembered that a skiagraph is only a series of lights and shadows, of different densities, that to an untrained observer mean little or nothing. When studying the bony structures as seen in a skiagraph, many things must be carefully considered, and the age of the patient is by no means the least important. Physicians who view the skiagraphs of the joints of children for the first time are surprised at their normal appearance. The normal conditions of the different ages must be understood before abnormal conditions can be correctly diagnosed. Viewing the Negative.--Before an x-ray negative can be rightly interpreted, it is necessary to know the relative relation of the tube, parts skiagraphed, and Ihe plate. The finished picture will furnish good evidence of the position of the tube during the time of the exposure. If the object skiagraphed is too far from the plate, or the tube too close to the part skiagraphed, the finished skiagraph will be distorted or abnormally large. To examine a finished plate, it should be held with the film (gelatin) side toward...

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