In this manual, Post-harvest Tobacco Infestation Control, we have addressed the 'state-of-the-art' and given little account of obsolete techniques. With contributing authors from international cigarette manufacturers, plus consultation with the worldwide tobacco industry, we have recorded the acceptable methodology for infestation management. This manual fills a void, as the most recent treatment of this subject was more than 20 years 350 ago. Major emphasis is on sanitation which should, where possible, reduce or replace pesticide use at all stages of tobacco processing. This manual is divided into an introduction and chapters dealing with: biology, monitoring, sanitation, physical control and insecticides - with separate chapters on insect growth regulators and fumigation. At the end, a few case histories are outlined to show how this integrated approach to infestation control is put into practice. Comments from users of this manual regarding general usefulness, omissions and/or corrections are welcome and should be addressed to CORESTA, the infestation control subgroup of the Phytopathology group. Introduction 1 Tobacco is vulnerable to many insect pests while growing in the 13 357 field. 4. 3 • Farmers may use pesticides to help control some insects and avoid losing up to 40% of the growing crop. Two insects, the cigarette beetle (Lasioderma serricorne) and the tobacco moth (Ephestia elutella), feed on cured tobacco leaves, whether air-cured burley, sun-cured oriental, flue-cured or tobacco by-products (Chapter 2).

Methyl bromide, a potent pest control chemical, was identified as an ozone depleting substance (ODS) in 1972. The phase out of this toxic chemical presents a special challenge. To replace methyl bromide, users around the world must have access to reliable and useful technical information. This publication was produced by the United Nations Environment Programme to promote the methyl bromide phase out. It allows the reader to carefully and thoroughly assess many available alternatives and decide on the best option for their situation. The publication also provides addresses of suppliers and specialists in alternatives; references and websites; and contacts for implementing agencies.

The Methyl Bromide Technical Options Committee (MBTOC) was established by parties to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer to identify existing and potential alternatives to methyl bromide (MB). This 2002 Assessment reports on MB usage, the quantities produced and consumed, and existing and potential alternate treatments for its use as a fumigant.

No other reference offers such an extensive hands-on guide to the most common stored-product pests. Atlas of Stored-Product Insects and Mites includes photographs and summary information for each of the 235 stored product insect species. Summary information includes common names, synonyms for scientific names, records of geographic distribution, suitability of commodities as insect food and commodity infestation, literature citations for life history studies and a list of natural enemies. Similar summary information is provided for 280 species of mites (Acari) reported to be associated with stored products. The high quality photographs and summary information make this reference essential to the fast and accurate specific identification needed for effective pest management. The authors also cover the tools and information that should be considered when developing a pest management program and provide reference sources for additional information on pest management. Atlas of Stored-Product Insects and Mites will make solving stored-product pest problems faster and easier making this an essential desk reference for anyone working with stored-product insects or mites. Special features High quality color photographs for 235 species of stored product insects Common names and synonyms for 235 insect and 280 mite species Suitability of 537 commodities as food for 84 stored product insect species Summarizes 15,611 infestation records for 1010 commodities reported in the literature References for life history studies of insect and mite species Geographic distribution of each species List of natural enemies Discussion of tools and information needed for pest management An essential reference for: Extension personnel Food industry sanitarians Food industry managers Legislators Pest management professionals Pest management consultants Plant quarantine inspectors Regulators Seed technologists Stored-product entomologist Stored-product acarologists Students Urban entomologists

This book has been mainly written keeping in view the requirements of the students of Agricultural Entomology of various Universities. The book provides a brief account on the structure, function, development and metamorphosis, and a comprehensive account on almost all the methods of pest control. The nature of damage caused by the important insect pests of crops, their life histories and control have been described. It is hoped that the students of Agricultural Entomology, will find the book extremely useful. The book is also useful to the Plant Protection Departments and similar Institutions. The book will also be useful to those who are preparing for competitive examinations conducted by various central and state Government agencies for recruitment. Every attempt has been made to provide necessary information from the point of view of students of Agricultural Entomology, which is not available in other books.