The making of America “The Fighting Meekers-of Northfield, New Jersey enlisted in the American Army at the age of 70 and fought in the American Revolution in the same company as his 9 sons-2 sons-in-laws and 1 grandson”. Pioneer Women’s Journey West, while walking most all children and women, would pick up dried buffalo chips, as that was the fuel for their night and morning fires. When stopped for the night the wagons would form a circle or large “V” shape, thus protecting the animals and people, and it made it easy for the look outs to watch for intruders, Indians, road agents, buffalo, coyotes, bears, and such. Indians were always trying to stampede or steal their livestock. Most all wagons used tents set up on the sides of their wagons for shelter and sleeping, some attached others freestanding, unlike portrayed in most all movies, as most all immigrants had their wagons packed with the necessities, needed for settling in their new homes in the frontier. So, who really settled the west? It took both hardy men and women to do so, but in my humble opinion the women had it the hardest and endured their load willingly. 76 years of events in my grandfather’s life “September 13, 1916– Mary, a circus elephant is hung in the town of Erwin, Tennessee for killing her handler, Walter “Red” Eldridge.” How the hell do you hang an elephant???? Cattle Drives “Charles Goodnight is credited for inventing and using the first chuck wagon. His cooks name Bose Ikard is credited for the son-of-a-gun-stew. There are many recipes for this stew as it became rather famous not only to the hundreds of chuck wagon cooks on the various cattle trails but also the wagon trains used it several times a month in their crossing the vast plains Diaries of the wagon trains west “Elizabeth K. Bedwell, 1852 Diary of the Oregon Trail (As written) May 29th traveled 20 miles 8 miles from the river Elk Horn brought us to the raging Platte ( you must not water there but keep on until you come to the first byo where you must gather wood for the night and morning and it would be well to haul water too ) 12 miles farther we camped in sight of Platte river on a byo plenty of grass and water south of the road”

In The Pioneers of Judicial Behavior, prominent political scientists critically examine the contributions to the field of public law of the pioneering scholars of judicial behavior: C. Hermann Pritchett, Glendon Schubert, S. Sidney Ulmer, Harold J. Spaeth, Joseph Tanenhaus, Beverly Blair Cook, Walter F. Murphy, J. Woodward Howard, David J. Danelski, David Rohde, Edward S. Corwin, Alpheus Thomas Mason, Robert G. McCloskey, Robert A. Dahl, and Martin Shapiro. Unlike past studies that have traced the emergence and growth of the field of judicial studies, The Pioneers of Judicial Behavior accounts for the emergence and exploration of three current theoretical approaches to the study of judicial behavior--attitudinal, strategic, and historical-institutionalist--and shows how the research of these foundational scholars has contributed to contemporary debates about how to conceptualize judges as policy makers. Chapters utilize correspondence of and interviews with some early scholars, and provide a format to connect the concerns and controversies of the first political scientists of law and courts to contemporary challenges and methodological debates among today's judicial scholars. The volume's purpose in looking back is to look forward: to contribute to an ecumenical research agenda on judicial decision making, and, ultimately, to the generation of a unified, general theory of judicial behavior. The Pioneers of Judicial Behavior will be of interest to graduate students in the law and courts field, political scientists interested in the philosophy of social science and the history of the discipline, legal practitioners and researchers, and political commentators interested in academic theorizing about public policy making. Nancy L. Maveety is Associate Professor of Political Science, Tulane University.

Reprint of the original, first published in 1875.