This thesis deals with the development of metrics for the automated determination of the quality and grade of acceptance of digital passport photographs without having any reference image available. Different kinds of algorithms were implemented to determine values for image attributes and to detect the face features. No priority for the evaluation of attributes was given in the documents of the international standards. For that reason an international online and on-site survey was developed to explore the opinion of user experts whose work is related to passport photographs. Three different metrics, expressed by the Photograph/ Image and Biometric Attributes Quality Indexes (PAQI, IAQI, BAQI) have been developed to obtain reference values for the quality determination of a passport photograph. Another metric developed is called "Non-Conformance Quality Index" which is based on the representation of the quality information in the minimum unit of information storage: the byte. The nonconformance of a quality attribute is stored in a bit. For a digital passport photograph the representation of the quality attributes is defined by four bytes. Every byte has eight bits and every bit represents an attribute.

The tenth edition of The Manual of Photography is an indispensable textbook for anyone who is serious about photography. It is ideal if you want to gain insight into the underlying scientific principles of photography and digital imaging, whether you are a professional photographer, lab technician, researcher or student in the field, or simply an enthusiastic amateur. This comprehensive guide takes you from capture to output in both digital and film media, with sections on lens use, darkroom techniques, digital cameras and scanners, image editing techniques and processes, workflow, digital file formats and image archiving. This iconic text was first published in 1890 and has aided many thousands of photographers in developing their own techniques and understanding of the medium. Now in full colour, The Manual of Photography still retains its clear, reader-friendly style and is filled with images and illustrations demonstrating the key principles. Not only giving you the skills and know-how to take stunning photographs, but will also allowing you to fully understand the science behind the creation of great images.

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