Of a number of methods available for phosphate removal from waste water, chemical precipitation (often called coagulation) using aluminum, ferric iron, ferrous iron and lime is considered to be the most economical. The objective of the present study has been two-fold: To evaluate the effects of pH and reactant concentration on the rate and efficiency of phosphate removal from synthetic and secondary effluent wastewaters and on the nature of the precipitates formed; and to compare the data on the Fe(II)-phosphate precipitation system with the available data for Fe(III)- and Al(III)-phosphate systems. Most of the experiments in the study were conducted on pure orthophosphate solutions and in the absence of dissolved oxygen. Only a limited number of tests were made of the use of ferrous iron for orthophosphate removal from wastewaters containing dissolved oxygen.

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was introduced on December 2, 1970 by President Richard Nixon. The agency is charged with protecting human health and the environment, by writing and enforcing regulations based on laws passed by Congress. The EPA's struggle to protect health and the environment is seen through each of its official publications. These publications outline new policies, detail problems with enforcing laws, document the need for new legislation, and describe new tactics to use to solve these issues. This collection of publications ranges from historic documents to reports released in the new millennium, and features works like: Bicycle for a Better Environment, Health Effects of Increasing Sulfur Oxides Emissions Draft, and Women and Environmental Health.

This valuable new book offers practical guidance regarding the design and operation of systems for reducing effluent nitrogen and phosphorus. The principles of nitrogen and phosphorus removal are discussed, including sources of nitrogen and phosphorus in wastewater, removal options, nitrogen and phosphorus transformations in treatment, process selection, and treatment. The book also covers the design and operation of nitrogen and phosphorus removal systems, including system options, system design, facility design, facility costs, and operation. Practical case studies are provided as examples of successful system implementations that may be able to help you decide what will work best in your plant.