" Most urban transport strategies in Australia include the desire to increase walking, cycling and public transport and, correspondingly, to reduce the extent of reliance on the private car. This has arisen for a range of reasons, initially environmental and sustainability-related, but increasingly related to issues of community and individual well-being. Pedestrians and cyclists, whilst both being vunerable road users compared to the occupants of a motor vehicle, differ greatly from each other in terms of speed of travel, ability to take evasive action and even the nature of the movement activity. This activity is much more likely to be a social nature for the pedestrian. The interaction between pedestrians and cyclists is increasingly causing safety concerns, exacerbated by the use of wheeled recreational devices, including wheelchairs, powered scooters and gophers. Some of these concerns are real and others are perceived, but nevertheless important in terms of people's willingness to walk. The more Governments are successful in increasing the amounts of walking and cycling, the greater these concerns will become - potentially limiting the extent and sustainability of such gains. Paths and footpaths are essential spaces in the transport network to support walking and cycling activities. If they are to continue to effectively support increased usage by both groups, management of shared use, particularly where that results in actual or potential conflict, will need to be addressed." - - SUMMARY.

Walking and biking are becoming increasingly popular modes of transportation: nearly a million more people reported walking or biking to work in 2013 than in 2005. While total traffic fatalities declined from 2004 through 2013 (the most recent year for which data are available), this was not matched by a similar decline in pedestrian and cyclist fatalities. This book examines trends in pedestrian and cyclist fatalities and injuries from 2004 through 2013 and characteristics of these fatalities and injuries; safety initiatives selected states and cities have implemented and their views on challenges in addressing this issue; and actions taken by the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) to help improve safety. Furthermore, this book identifies noteworthy and innovative international designs, treatments, and other practices that have potential to improve bicycle and pedestrian safety and access and increase walking and bicycling in the United States.

The focus of this report is to develop policy recommendations guidelines, and policies for bicycle and pedestrian use of freeways expressways, tunnels, and toll bridges in California. Results from a survey and literature search are first presented. This is followed by an analysis of collision patterns for bicycles, freeway bicycles, and pedestrian collisions. The safety record of bicycles on bridges and in tunnels is then examined. A multivariate regression analysis of freeways open to bicycles and all freeway collision is described. The report concludes with recommendations addressing issues related to user education, data collection, age restrictions, shoulder geometry and procedures for allowing bicyclists to cross ramps.