Oceans account for 50% of the anthropogenic CO2 released into the atmosphere. During the past 15 years an international programme, the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS), has been studying the ocean carbon cycle to quantify and model the biological and physical processes whereby CO2 is pumped from the ocean's surface to the depths of the ocean, where it can remain for hundreds of years. This project is one of the largest multi-disciplinary studies of the oceans ever carried out and this book synthesises the results. It covers all aspects of the topic ranging from air-sea exchange with CO2, the role of physical mixing, the uptake of CO2 by marine algae, the fluxes of carbon and nitrogen through the marine food chain to the subsequent export of carbon to the depths of the ocean. Special emphasis is laid on predicting future climatic change.

Ocean science connects a global community of scientists in many disciplines - physics, chemistry, biology, geology and geophysics. New observational and computational technologies are transforming the ability of scientists to study the global ocean with a more integrated and dynamic approach. This enhanced understanding of the ocean is becoming ever more important in an economically and geopolitically connected world, and contributes vital information to policy and decision makers charged with addressing societal interests in the ocean. Science provides the knowledge necessary to realize the benefits and manage the risks of the ocean. Comprehensive understanding of the global ocean is fundamental to forecasting and managing risks from severe storms, adapting to the impacts of climate change, and managing ocean resources. In the United States, the National Science Foundation (NSF) is the primary funder of the basic research which underlies advances in our understanding of the ocean. Sea Change addresses the strategic investments necessary at NSF to ensure a robust ocean scientific enterprise over the next decade. This survey provides guidance from the ocean sciences community on research and facilities priorities for the coming decade and makes recommendations for funding priorities.

Deep learning (DL), mainly composed of deep and complex neural networks such as recurrent network and convolutional network, is an emerging research branch in the field of artificial intelligence and machine learning. DL revolution has a far-reaching impact on all scientific disciplines and every corner of our lives. With continuing technological advances, marine science is entering into the big data era with the exponential growth of information. DL is an effective means of harnessing the power of big data. Combined with unprecedented data from cameras, acoustic recorders, satellite remote sensing, and large model outputs, DL enables scientists to solve complex problems in biology, ecosystems, climate, energy, as well as physical and chemical interactions. Although DL has made great strides, it is still only beginning to emerge in many fields of marine science, especially towards representative applications and best practices for the automatic analysis of marine organisms and marine environments. DL in nowadays' marine science mainly leverages cutting-edge techniques of deep neural networks and massive data which collected by in-situ optical or acoustic imaging sensors for underwater applications, such as plankton classification and coral reef detection. This research topic aims to expand the applications of marine science to cover all aspects of detection, classification, segmentation, localization, and density estimation of marine objects, organisms, and phenomena.

The Working Group I contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) provides a comprehensive assessment of the physical science basis of climate change. It considers in situ and remote observations; paleoclimate information; understanding of climate drivers and physical, chemical, and biological processes and feedbacks; global and regional climate modelling; advances in methods of analyses; and insights from climate services. It assesses the current state of the climate; human influence on climate in all regions; future climate change including sea level rise; global warming effects including extremes; climate information for risk assessment and regional adaptation; limiting climate change by reaching net zero carbon dioxide emissions and reducing other greenhouse gas emissions; and benefits for air quality. The report serves policymakers, decision makers, stakeholders, and all interested parties with the latest policy-relevant information on climate change. Available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.