This wide-ranging, comprehensive reference presents the latest developments in aerosol science and interactions between particles and the respiratory tract-utilizing an inter-disciplinary approach that integrates advances in physics, chemistry, and engineering with the epidemiological and biomedical sciences, and focusing on the dynamics of particl

This report considers the biological and behavioral mechanisms that may underlie the pathogenicity of tobacco smoke. Many Surgeon General's reports have considered research findings on mechanisms in assessing the biological plausibility of associations observed in epidemiologic studies. Mechanisms of disease are important because they may provide plausibility, which is one of the guideline criteria for assessing evidence on causation. This report specifically reviews the evidence on the potential mechanisms by which smoking causes diseases and considers whether a mechanism is likely to be operative in the production of human disease by tobacco smoke. This evidence is relevant to understanding how smoking causes disease, to identifying those who may be particularly susceptible, and to assessing the potential risks of tobacco products.

"The combination of scientific and institutional integrity represented by this book is unusual. It should be a model for future endeavors to help quantify environmental risk as a basis for good decisionmaking." â€"William D. Ruckelshaus, from the foreword. This volume, prepared under the auspices of the Health Effects Institute, an independent research organization created and funded jointly by the Environmental Protection Agency and the automobile industry, brings together experts on atmospheric exposure and on the biological effects of toxic substances to examine what is knownâ€"and not knownâ€"about the human health risks of automotive emissions.

This wide-ranging, comprehensive reference presents the latest developments in aerosol science and interactions between particles and the respiratory tract-utilizing an inter-disciplinary approach that integrates advances in physics, chemistry, and engineering with the epidemiological and biomedical sciences, and focusing on the dynamics of particle deposition, retention, and clearance. Containing the work of more than 40 internationally recognized experts, Particle-Lung Interactions covers therapeutic and diagnostic aspects of particle inhalation surveys particles ranging in size from 0.01-10 microns interacting with pulmonary cells analyzes stereological estimation of particle retention reveals the sentinel of the pulmonary surveillance system highlights the correlation between particulate air pollution and cardiovascular mortality describes airborne irritants that activate neural reflexes investigates particulate matter in clearance kinetics and inflammatory responses in the lungs explores particle-surfactant interaction, keying on fine ambient particles at air-liquid interfaces and more! Abundantly referenced with over 2700 bibliographic citations, Particle-Lung Interactions is an indispensable resource for pulmonologists, physiologists, clinical immunologists, allergists, toxicologists, pediatricians and general practitioners, pharmacists, biochemists, surface physicists, and upper-level undergraduate, graduate, and medical school students in these disciplines.

Drug therapy via inhalation route is at the cutting edge of modern drug delivery research. There has been significant progress on the understanding of drug therapy via inhalation products. However, there are still problems associated with their formulation design, including the interaction between the active pharmaceutical ingredient(s) (APIs), excipients and devices. This book seeks to cover some of the most pertinent issues and challenges of such formulation design associated with industrial production and desirable clinical outcome. The chapter topics have been selected with a view to integrating the factors that require consideration in the selection and design of device and formulation components which impact upon patient usability and clinical effectiveness. The challenges involved with the delivery of macromolecules by inhalation to both adult and pediatric patients are also covered. Written by leading international experts from both academia and industry, the book will help readers (formulation design scientists, researchers and post-graduate and specialized undergraduate students) develop a deep understanding of key aspects of inhalation formulations as well as detail ongoing challenges and advances associated with their development.

Exposure to particles in industry and mining and from accidental anthropogenic sources constitutes an ongoing threat. Most recently nanoparticles arising from advances in technology are exposing a wider population to pathogenic stimuli. The effects of inhaled particles are no longer confined to the lung as nanoparticles have the potential to transl