Ionic transport in nanostructures at high eld strength has recently gained attention, because novel types of computer memory with potentially superior properties rely on such phenomena. The applied voltages are only moderate, but they drop over the distance of a few nanometers and lead to extreme eld strengths in the MV/cm region. Such strong elds contributes signi cantly to the activation energy for ionic jump processes. This leads to an exponential increase of transport speed with voltage. Conventional high-temperature ionic conduction, in contrast, only relies on thermal activation for such jumps. In this thesis, the transport of minute amounts of oxygen through a thin dielectric layer sandwiched between two thin conducting oxide electrodes was detected semiquantitatively by measuring the conductance change of the electrodes after applying a current through the dielectric layer. The relative conductance change
G=G as a function of current I and duration t follows over several orders of magnitude a simple, empirical law of the form
G=G = CIAtB with t parameters C, A and B; A;B 2 [0; 1]. This empirical law can be linked to a predicted exponential increase of the transport speed with voltage at high eld strength. The behavior in the time domain can be explained with a spectrum of relaxation processes, similar to the relaxation of dielectrics. The in uence of temperature on the transport is strong, but still much lower than expected. This contradicts a commonly used law for high- eld ionic transport. The di erent oxide layers are epitaxial with thicknesses between 5 and 70 nm. First large-scale test samples were fabricated using shadow masks. The general behavior of such devices was studied extensively. In an attempt to achieve quantitative results with defect-free, miniaturized devices, a lithographic manufacturing process that uses repeated steps of epitaxial deposition and structuring of the layers was developed. It employs newly developed and optimized wet chemical etching processes for the conducting electrodes. First high-quality devices could be manufactured with this process and con rmed that such devices su er less from parasitic e ects. The lithographically structured samples were made from di erent materials. The results from the rst test samples and the lithographically structured samples are therefore not directly comparable. They do exhibit however in principle the same behavior. Further investigation of such lithographically structured samples appears promising

Comprehensive Biomaterials II, Second Edition, Seven Volume Set brings together the myriad facets of biomaterials into one expertly-written series of edited volumes. Articles address the current status of nearly all biomaterials in the field, their strengths and weaknesses, their future prospects, appropriate analytical methods and testing, device applications and performance, emerging candidate materials as competitors and disruptive technologies, research and development, regulatory management, commercial aspects, and applications, including medical applications. Detailed coverage is given to both new and emerging areas and the latest research in more traditional areas of the field. Particular attention is given to those areas in which major recent developments have taken place. This new edition, with 75% new or updated articles, will provide biomedical scientists in industry, government, academia, and research organizations with an accurate perspective on the field in a manner that is both accessible and thorough. Reviews the current status of nearly all biomaterials in the field by analyzing their strengths and weaknesses, performance, and future prospects Covers all significant emerging technologies in areas such as 3D printing of tissues, organs and scaffolds, cell encapsulation; multimodal delivery, cancer/vaccine - biomaterial applications, neural interface understanding, materials used for in situ imaging, and infection prevention and treatment Effectively describes the many modern aspects of biomaterials from basic science, to clinical applications

Nothing stays the same for ever. The environmental degradation and corrosion of materials is inevitable and affects most aspects of life. In industrial settings, this inescapable fact has very significant financial, safety and environmental implications. The Handbook of Environmental Degradation of Materials explains how to measure, analyse, and control environmental degradation for a wide range of industrial materials including metals, polymers, ceramics, concrete, wood and textiles exposed to environmental factors such as weather, seawater, and fire. Divided into sections which deal with analysis, types of degradation, protection and surface engineering respectively, the reader is introduced to the wide variety of environmental effects and what can be done to control them. The expert contributors to this book provide a wealth of insider knowledge and engineering knowhow, complementing their explanations and advice with Case Studies from areas such as pipelines, tankers, packaging and chemical processing equipment ensures that the reader understands the practical measures that can be put in place to save money, lives and the environment. - The Handbook's broad scope introduces the reader to the effects of environmental degradation on a wide range of materials, including metals, plastics, concrete,wood and textiles - For each type of material, the book describes the kind of degradation that effects it and how best to protect it - Case Studies show how organizations from small consulting firms to corporate giants design and manufacture products that are more resistant to environmental effects

For many years, various editions of Smallman's Modern Physical Metallurgy have served throughout the world as a standard undergraduate textbook on metals and alloys. In 1995, it was rewritten and enlarged to encompass the related subject of materials science and engineering and appeared under the title Metals & Materials: Science, Processes, Applications offering a comprehensive amount of a much wider range of engineering materials. Coverage ranged from pure elements to superalloys, from glasses to engineering ceramics, and from everyday plastics to in situ composites, Amongst other favourable reviews, Professor Bhadeshia of Cambridge University commented: "Given the amount of work that has obviously gone into this book and its extensive comments, it is very attractively priced. It is an excellent book to be recommend strongly for purchase by undergraduates in materials-related subjects, who should benefit greatly by owning a text containing so much knowledge."The book now includes new chapters on materials for sports equipment (golf, tennis, bicycles, skiing, etc.) and biomaterials (replacement joints, heart valves, tissue repair, etc.) - two of the most exciting and rewarding areas in current materials research and development. As in its predecessor, numerous examples are given of the ways in which knowledge of the relation between fine structure and properties has made it possible to optimise the service behaviour of traditional engineering materials and to develop completely new and exciting classes of materials. Special consideration is given to the crucial processing stage that enables materials to be produced as marketable commodities. Whilst attempting to produce a useful and relatively concise survey of key materials and their interrelationships, the authors have tried to make the subject accessible to a wide range of readers, to provide insights into specialised methods of examination and to convey the excitement of the atmosphere in which new materials are conceived and developed.

Metals and Materials: Science, Processes, Applications aims to present the science of materials in a readable and concise form that leads naturally to an explanation of the ways in which materials are processed and applied. The science of metals, or physical metallurgy, has developed naturally into the wider and more diverse discipline of materials science. The study of metals and alloys still forms a large and important part of this relatively new discipline, but it's common to find that fundamental principles and concepts of physical metallurgy can be adapted to explain the behavior of a variety of non-metallic materials. As an aid to fully study this discipline, each chapter has been supplemented with a list of specialized references. These references include images and diagrams that illustrate the subtleties of materials, such as micrographs of grain structures and fine-scale defects, phase diagrams for metals and ceramics, electron diffraction patterns revealing atomic arrangements, specific property diagrams correlating the behavior of different materials, and slip vector diagrams for deforming crystals. Throughout this book, sufficient background and theory is provided to assist students in answering questions about a large part of a typical degree course in materials science and engineering. Some sections provide a background or point of entry for postgraduate studies and courses.

Oxide Thin Films and Nanostructures is an interdisciplinary approach to introduce readers to the field of oxide nano-materials, that is oxides of nano-meter size and dimensions. Emphasis is put to differentiate these nanoscale oxide objects from their solid bulk oxide parents and present their properties in a pedagogic way.

The revised edition of the renowned and bestselling title is the most comprehensive single text on all aspects of biomaterials science from principles to applications. Biomaterials Science, fourth edition, provides a balanced, insightful approach to both the learning of the science and technology of biomaterials and acts as the key reference for practitioners who are involved in the applications of materials in medicine.This new edition incorporates key updates to reflect the latest relevant research in the field, particularly in the applications section, which includes the latest in topics such as nanotechnology, robotic implantation, and biomaterials utilized in cancer research detection and therapy. Other additions include regenerative engineering, 3D printing, personalized medicine and organs on a chip. Translation from the lab to commercial products is emphasized with new content dedicated to medical device development, global issues related to translation, and issues of quality assurance and reimbursement. In response to customer feedback, the new edition also features consolidation of redundant material to ensure clarity and focus. Biomaterials Science, 4th edition is an important update to the best-selling text, vital to the biomaterials' community. - The most comprehensive coverage of principles and applications of all classes of biomaterials - Edited and contributed by the best-known figures in the biomaterials field today; fully endorsed and supported by the Society for Biomaterials - Fully revised and updated to address issues of translation, nanotechnology, additive manufacturing, organs on chip, precision medicine and much more. - Online chapter exercises available for most chapters