In On Their Own Terms, Benjamin A. Elman offers a much-needed synthesis of early Chinese science during the Jesuit period (1600-1800) and the modern sciences as they evolved in China under Protestant influence (1840s-1900). By 1600 Europe was ahead of Asia in producing basic machines, such as clocks, levers, and pulleys, that would be necessary for the mechanization of agriculture and industry. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, Elman shows, Europeans still sought from the Chinese their secrets of producing silk, fine textiles, and porcelain, as well as large-scale tea cultivation. Chinese literati borrowed in turn new algebraic notations of Hindu-Arabic origin, Tychonic cosmology, Euclidian geometry, and various computational advances. Since the middle of the nineteenth century, imperial reformers, early Republicans, Guomindang party cadres, and Chinese Communists have all prioritized science and technology. In this book, Elman gives a nuanced account of the ways in which native Chinese science evolved over four centuries, under the influence of both Jesuit and Protestant missionaries. In the end, he argues, the Chinese produced modern science on their own terms.

Sensing the need for fresh ideas in advocacy, and the importance of making animal-rights theory relevant in a time of biotechnology, rapid extinctions and climate change, On Their Own Terms: Bringing Animal-Rights Philosophy Down to Earth challenges us to think of ourselves and other conscious beings in new ways. This book takes the creative and necessary step of calling for a merging of ecological awareness and animal advocacy. It asks us to imagine and appreciate the dignity of free communities of animals thriving in their habitats. As a society shifts to respect animals on their terms, its judges and lawmakers will stop regarding the environment as props and scenery on the stage of humanity¿s drama. They will begin to take the interests of all its living inhabitants seriously. This work explains why the shift is within humanity¿s reach, and how it will come through an animal-advocacy movement that¿s no longer limited to generating pity for Earth¿s other beings, or looking for ways to show how cruel we are to them, or taking steps to make their controlled lives less stressful. On Their Own Terms is an invitation to a movement that can ensure the triumph of animals¿ natural freedom and power, and a practical handbook for the advocate who takes up the challenge.

By redefining current theories of competence motivation and sex-role identity, this work offers a powerful reconceptualiztion of what it means to be a competent woman in today's society. Analyses of case studies of competent women lead to a new theory that enables women to attain positive self-esteem based on internally desired and determined criteria. This new theory challenges prevailing theories of competence motivation and sex-role identity development that assume competence and femininity to be mutually exclusive.

This volume utilizes the cross-cultural, historical and ethnographic perspective of anthropology to illuminate the intrinsic connections of race, class and gender. The author begins by discussing the manner in which her experience as a participant observer led her to research and write about various aspects of African-American women's experiences. She goes on to provide a critical analysis of the new scholarship on African-American women, and explores issues of race, class and gender in the arenas of work, kinship and resistance.

During the Cold War, U.S. intervention in Latin American politics, economics, and society grew in scope and complexity, with diplomatic legacies evident in today's hemispheric policies. Development became a key form of intervention as government officials and experts from the United States and Latin America believed that development could foster hemispheric solidarity and security. In parts of Latin America, its implementation was especially intricate because recipients of these programs were diverse Indigenous peoples with their own politics, economics, and cultures. Contrary to project planners' expectations, Indigenous beneficiaries were not passive recipients but actively engaged with development interventions and, in the process, redefined racialized ideas about Indigeneity. Sarah Foss illustrates how this process transpired in Cold War Guatemala, spanning democratic revolution, military coups, and genocidal civil war. Drawing on previously unused sources such as oral histories, anthropologists' field notes, military records, municipal and personal archives, and a private photograph collection, Foss analyzes the uses and consequences of development and its relationship to ideas about race from multiple perspectives, emphasizing its historical significance as a form of intervention during the Cold War.

The United States spends an inordinate amount of time and resources on medical care for people near the end of their lives; yet, Americans do not live significantly longer than citizens of other Western countries. What are the motivations of this death-denying culture? How can we deal with the complexities of medical care as life unavoidably comes to a close? How can we resolve the controversies that complicate medical decisions in the presence of advanced age or end-stage disease? A Graceful Exit: Life and Death on Your Own Terms addresses the difficult issue inherent to an aging society - the right to control one's death. Many Americans are executing living wills to be spared the indignities of futile medical treatment. Current living wills, however, have proven to be nearly useless in guiding care. Dr. Lofty Basta, a renowned physician specializing in cardiology, frankly explains that most patients of advanced age or disease are incompetent to make health care decisions, or incapable of evaluating treatment options. This book provides examples of living wills that are clear, valid, and applicable to many medical situations, and is supported by intimate case histories that illustrate various problems. As a sidebar, the author relates how different Western countries are dealing with this controversial issue. A Graceful Exit is a provocative resource to the medical community, hospital administrators or members of ethics committees, politicians, the clergy, civic leaders, and all who wish to control their medical treatment near the end of life.