In her long-awaited book, the legendary acting teacher Stella Adler gives us her extraordinary insights into the work of Henrik Ibsen ("The creation of the modern theater took a genius like Ibsen. . .Miller and Odets, Inge and O'Neill, Williams and Shaw, swallowed the whole of him"), August Strindberg ("He understood and predicted the forces that would break in our lives"), and Anton Chekhov ("Chekhov doesn't want a play, he wants what happens in life. In life, people don't usually kill each other. They talk"). Through the plays of these masters, Adler discusses the arts of playwriting and script interpretation ("There are two aspects of the theater. One belongs to the author and the other to the actor. The actor thinks it all belongs to the author. . .The curtain goes up and all he knows are the lines. . .It is not enough. . .Script interpretation is your profession"). She looks into aspects of society and class, and into our cultural past, as well as the evolution of the modern spirit ("The actor learns from Ibsen what is modern in the modern theater. There are no villains, no heroes. Ibsen understands, more than anything, there is more than one truth"). Stella Adler--daughter of Jacob Adler, who was universally acknowledged to be the greatest actor of the Yiddish theater, and herself a disciple of Stanislavsky--examines the role of the actor and brings to life the plays from which all modern theater derives: Ibsen's Hedda Gabler, The Master Builder, An Enemy of the People, and A Doll's House; Strindberg's Miss Julie and The Father; Chekhov's The Seagull, Uncle Vanya, The Cherry Orchard, and Three Sisters ("Masha is the sister who is the mystery. You cannot reach her. You cannot reach the artist. There is no logical way. Keep her in a special pocket of feelings that are complex and different"). Adler discusses the ideas behind these plays and explores the world of the playwrights and the history--both familial and cultural--that informed their work. She illumines not only the dramatic essence of each play but its subtext as well, continually asking questions that deepen one's understanding of the work and of the human spirit. Adler's book, brilliantly edited by Barry Paris, puts her famous lectures into print for the first time.

Building on the intellectual and historical context of Darwin’s theory of evolution and its concomitant questioning of a divine father, this book analyzes dramatic and narrative representations of crises in the nineteenth-century patriarchal family and the gradual rise of the independent or New Woman in works by Zola, Ibsen, Strindberg, and Hardy. The introduction establishes the book’s critical foundation, which is based on the thought of Darwinian scholars, family and psychoanalytic theorists, and a variety of feminist critics. This is followed by a brief overview of Darwin’s challenge to Creationist beliefs, suggesting how evolutionary theory served as a focal point for European literary depictions of patriarchal families in turmoil. The author then discusses works by Auguste Comte, Hippolyte Taine, and Emile Zola, whose Thérèse Raquin features a strong and sexual woman paired with a weak man. The book’s middle chapters focus on the changing world of men and women in Scandinavia, with emphasis on the writings of Georg Brandes and J. P. Jacobsen, precursors of Ibsen and Strindberg. Analysis of four Ibsen plays—Pillars of Society, A Doll House, Ghosts, and Hedda Gabler—reveals a Darwinian universe in which women struggle to break free of patriarchal restrictions, typified by Nora’s forgery of her father’s name in A Doll House. A subsequent discussion highlights Strindberg’s prose and drama—from Son of a Servant to The Fathers, Creditors, The Dance of Death, and The Pelican—which reflect the nineteenth-century bourgeois male’s resistance to the loss of the privileged role of the father and the weakening of the nuclear family. The final chapter demonstrates how Hardy’s Tess of the d’Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure lay bare the destructive heritage of the father’s name and the fatal effects of patriarchal traditions; the author shows how Hardy builds his narratives on the inevitably conflictual relationships between men and women restricted by outdated gender roles defined by social and religious institutions.

This collection of essays, originally published over the last forty years in the journal Modern Drama, explores the drama of four of the most influential European proponents of modernism in the European Drama: Ibsen, Strandberg, Pirandello and Beckett.

This book adopts a comparative approach to examine some curious and original aspects of the dramaturgy and the scenic conception of two great Nordic writers, Henrik Ibsen and August Strindberg. As far as Ibsen is concerned, the book looks at the connection between his works and the European Risorgimenti, the anthropological relationship with the rites and atmospheres of Southern Italy, and the problematic link with theatrical tradition. With regards to Strindberg, light is shed on his intense identification with Euripides, but also with his “enemy” Ibsen, and his interest in modern theatrical reformers. There is an almost “archaeological” attention to the first “great actors” – Betty Hennings, Eleonora Duse, Ermete Zacconi – who interpreted Ibsen and Strindberg’s dramas, and to some of the more modern of Ibsen’s stage sets put forward by those who sought to go beyond his bourgeois formula. Ibsen and Strindberg are read and interpreted from a cultural point of view which is far removed from their historical and geographical setting, and are often observed through a reversed telescope which sheds light paradoxically on revealing aspects of their work.

This critical exploration of modern drama begins with Büchner and Ibsen and then discusses the major playwrights who have shaped modern theater. A new introduction by the author assesses developments of recent years.