This book analyzes the 2018 and 2019 men's and women's World Cups to understand how the use of Video Assistant Referees (VAR) affected each tournament. Unlike goal technology, where the decision is entirely left to the machine's algorithm, the VAR still has a human component, making it prone to errors and controversies. Building on the theories of justice, the book quantitatively reviews event-level data while using a historical perspective to depict a novel approach to the effects of VAR in major soccer tournaments. The six chapters examine the use of VAR, discuss when it was not used (but maybe should have been used), and explore how the World Cup evolved with the new technology. Combining the VAR events of 2018 and 2019 with comparable situations from past World Cups guides the reader into debating the meaning of justice and the potential of ever achieving fairness in soccer.

Focusing on an effectiveness-driven approach to management in the human services, Rino J. Patti's The Handbook of Human Services Management, Second Edition explores the latest information on practice innovations, theoretical perspectives, and empirical research to provide an essential perspective on what managers do to create and sustain organizations that deliver high quality, effective services to consumers. Offering the most comprehensive coverage of human services management available today, this second edition includes 24 chapters authored by distinguished practitioners and scholars in human services management: 10 that are entirely new and 14 that have been extensively revised. The Handbook is accompanied by an Instructor's Manual.