This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

This is an open access book.We really appreciate the contributions to the success of the 18th AsiaCALL from participants from the United States, Spain, Australia, Japan, South Korea, Austria, Indonesia, India, Philippines, Thailand, Bangladesh, Taiwan, Saudi Arabia, and Palestine, and Vietnam. We also acknowledge the efficient local organizers from Hoa Sen University who paid great efforts and time to run the 18th AsiaCALL International Conference online. Without you, such effective colleagues, AsiaCALL could not gain such good prestigious fame. AsiaCALL is honored and delighted to announce that AsiaCALL2022, the 19th International Conference of the Asia Association of Computer-Assisted Language Learning, will be held on November 26-27, 2022. It will be hosted by the Hanoi University of Industry (HaUI), Ha Noi, Vietnam, at 298 Cau Dien street, Bac Tu Liem district, Hanoi, Vietnam. The Conference will be hybrid - both virtual mode (delegates outside of VN) and face-to-face mode (local delegates). Aims and ScopeThe mission of the AsiaCALL International Conference (AsiaCALL) is to give researchers, educators, and teachers from all over the world a place to share their teaching experience and classroom research. This is done through conferences and seminars. Selected full papers presented at the AsiaCALL International Conference will be published in the Conference Proceedings, and Journals with Open Access to share the participants’ research, teaching experiences. Furthermore, ASIACALL is a place where its members can be able to network and share work and research interests with other professionals in the field to maintain collaboration and advocate the use of technology in your educational environments.

This book covers many hot topics, including theoretical and practical research in many areas such as dynamic analysis, machine learning, supply chain management, operations management, environmental management, uncertainty, and health and hygiene. It showcases advanced management concepts and innovative ideas. The 16th International Conference on Management Science and Engineering Management (2022 ICMSEM) will be held in Ankara, Turkey during August 3-6, 2022. ICMSEM has always been committed to promoting innovation management science (M-S) and engineering management (EM) academic research and development. The book provides researchers and practitioners in the field of Management Science and Engineering Management (MSEM) with the latest, cutting-edge thinking and research in the field. It will appeal to readers interested in these fields, especially those looking for new ideas and research directions.