OECD's 2012 survey of Indonesia's economy examines recent economic developments, policy and prospects. Special chapters take a more detailed look at taxation and small and medium enterprise development.

Indonesia experienced its first recession in over two decades in 2020, although large-scale fiscal stimulus and monetary support limited its depth and impact. The approval of an ambitious package of structural reforms, covering labour laws, taxes and ease of doing business, testifies of the authorities’ commitment to attract high-quality investment that will enhance wealth and well-being.

OECD's 2012 survey of Indonesia's economy examines recent economic developments, policy and prospects. Special chapters take a more detailed look at taxation and small and medium enterprise development.

OECD's 2012 survey of Indonesia's economy examines recent economic developments, policy and prospects. Special chapters take a more detailed look at taxation and small and medium enterprise development.

Estonia’s economy continues to perform well, and growing incomes support well-being. However, the expansion has peaked, and growth is set to soften due to weak international demand. Prudent fiscal policy has resulted in low debt, but spending pressures related to meeting infrastructure needs and ageing are mounting. Old age poverty is high and the proposal to allow early withdrawal of pension funds threatens macroeconomic stability and pension adequacy. The gender wage gap is among the highest in the OECD, and inequalities in income and health are considerable, reflecting gaps in the social safety net. The oil-shale sector is highly energy-intensive and is the main culprit behind Estonia’s high greenhouse gas emissions, but reducing dependence on the sector is challenging, as it is an important employer and meets 70% of Estonia’s energy needs.