Sea turtles, coral reef–dwelling fish, dolphins, and other marine creatures populate these full-page pictures. Lightly printed numbers corresponding to a key offer simple guides to perfect shading and realistic effects.

Photosynthesis is one of the most important reactions on Earth. It is a scientific field that is the topic of many research groups. This book is aimed at providing the fundamental aspects of photosynthesis, and the results collected from different research groups. There are three sections in this book: light and photosynthesis, the path of carbon in photosynthesis, and special topics in photosynthesis. In each section important topics in the subject are discussed and (or) reviewed by experts in each book chapter.

CLEO publications in Frontiers in Marine Science Foreword Josef Aschbacher, Director of ESA’s Earth Observation Programmes Satellite data have drastically changed the view we have of the oceans. Covering about 70% of Earth’s surface, oceans play a unique role for our planet and for our life – but large areas remain unexplored and are difficult to reach. Since the 1980s, Earth-orbiting satellites have helped to observe what is happening at the ocean surface. Sensors like CZCS, AVHRR, SeaWifs and MODIS provided the first ocean colour data from space. Starting in 2002, ESA's Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) on-board the environmental satellite Envisat, provided detailed information on phytoplankton biomass and concentrations of other matter in the global oceans. These satellite observations laid the groundwork for studying the marine environment and how it responds to climate change, and the research community has since delivered information on the variability of marine ecosystems. Part of this work is reflected in this stunning collection of peer-reviewed publications presented at the workshop, Colour and Light in the Ocean from Earth Observation (CLEO), held at ESA’s ESRIN site in Frascati, Italy, on 6–8 September 2016. The event attracted more than 160 participants from all over the world, including remote sensing experts, marine ecosystem modelers, in-situ observers and users of Earth observation data. Scientifically, the meeting covered applications in climate studies over primary productivity and ocean dynamics, to pools of carbon and phytoplankton diversity at global and regional scales. It also demonstrated the potential of Earth observation and its contribution to modern oceanography. Looking to the future, new satellites developed by ESA under the coordination of the European Commission will further our scientific and operational observations of the seas. With Sentinel-3A in orbit and its twin Sentinel-3B following in 2017, there is a new category of data available for operational oceanographic applications and climate studies for years to come. These data are free and easy to access by anyone interested. Looking at the role of oceans in our daily lives, I am sure that this collection of scientific excellence will be valued by scientists of today and will inspire the next generation to carry these ideas into the future.

Deep learning (DL), mainly composed of deep and complex neural networks such as recurrent network and convolutional network, is an emerging research branch in the field of artificial intelligence and machine learning. DL revolution has a far-reaching impact on all scientific disciplines and every corner of our lives. With continuing technological advances, marine science is entering into the big data era with the exponential growth of information. DL is an effective means of harnessing the power of big data. Combined with unprecedented data from cameras, acoustic recorders, satellite remote sensing, and large model outputs, DL enables scientists to solve complex problems in biology, ecosystems, climate, energy, as well as physical and chemical interactions. Although DL has made great strides, it is still only beginning to emerge in many fields of marine science, especially towards representative applications and best practices for the automatic analysis of marine organisms and marine environments. DL in nowadays' marine science mainly leverages cutting-edge techniques of deep neural networks and massive data which collected by in-situ optical or acoustic imaging sensors for underwater applications, such as plankton classification and coral reef detection. This research topic aims to expand the applications of marine science to cover all aspects of detection, classification, segmentation, localization, and density estimation of marine objects, organisms, and phenomena.