Granulation provides a complete and comprehensive introduction on the state-of-the-art of granulation and how it can be applied both in an academic context and from an industrial perspective. Coupling science and engineering practices it covers differing length scales from the sub-granule level through behaviour through single granules, to bulk granule behaviour and equipment design. With special focus on a wide range of industrially relevant areas from fertilizer production, through to pharmaceuticals. Experimental data is complemented by mathematical modelling in this emerging field, allowing for a greater understanding of the basis of particle products and this important industry sector.Four themes run through the book: 1. The Macro Scale processing for Granulation – including up to date descriptions of the methods used for granulation and how they come about and how to monitor – on-line these changes.2. The Applications of granulation from an industrial perspective, with current descriptive roles and how they are undertaken with relevance to industry, and effective properties.3. Mechanistic descriptions of granulation and the different rate processes occurring within the granulator. This includes methods of modelling the process using Population – Balance Equations, and Multi-level Computational Fluid Dynamics Models.4. The Micro Scale: Granules and Smaller, looking at single granules and there interactions and modelling, while also considering the structure of granules and their constituent liquid bridges.* Covers a wide range of subjects and industrial applications* Provides an understanding of current issues for industrial and academic environments* Allows the reader an understanding of the science behind engineered granulation processes

Compaction of powder constituents-both active ingredient and excipients-is examined to ensure consistent and reproducible disintegration and dispersion profiles. Revised to reflect modern pharmaceutical compacting techniques, this second edition of Pharmaceutical Powder Compaction Technology guides pharmaceutical engineers, formulation scientists,

This book had its origins in a meeting between two (relatively) young particle technology researchers on Rehobeth Beach in Delaware in 1992 near the holiday house of Reg Davies (then Director of the Particle Science and Technology Research Center in Dupont). As we played in the sand, we shared an excitement for developments in particle technology, especially particle characterization, that would lead operations such as granulation to be placed on a sound scientific and engineering footing. The immediate outcome from this interaction was the development of new industry short courses in granulation and related topics which we taught together both in Australia and North America. This book follows closely the structure and approaches developed in these courses, particularly the emphasis on particle design in granulation, where the impact of both formulation properties and process variables on product attributes needs to be understood and quantified. The book has been a long time in the making. We have been actively preparing the book for at least five years. Although the chapters have relatively good bibliographies, this book is not a review of the field. Rather it is an attempt by the authors to present a comprehensive engineering approach to granulator design, scale up and operation. It is exciting for us to see the explosion of research interest around the world in this area in the last five to seven years. Some of the most recent work will have to find its way into the second edition.

Particulate solids such as pharmaceutical powders often require size enlargement processes to improve the manufacturing properties like flowability. For that reason, dry granulation by roll compaction has been widely used in the pharmaceutical industry. The process consists of compressing powders between two counter-rotating rolls to produce ribbons that will be subsequently milled into granules. The obtained granules are tableted for oral dosage. In this process there are two main limitations: the existence of different designs of the roll compactors, milling systems and the interaction between process parameters and raw material properties are still a challenge and the roll-compaction process leads to an inferior tensile strength of tablets compared with direct compression. These aspects are investigated in this work. In the first part of this thesis, an analysis on the effect of different roll-compaction conditions and milling process parameters on ribbons, granules and tablet properties was performed, highlighting the role of the sealing system and the ribbon density distribution characteristics. In the second part, die compaction of roll-compacted powders, as the last stage of the process, is further investigated in terms of experimental analysis (effect of the granule size and composition and stress transmission measurements) and modelling the compaction behavior of granules.

This unique reference examines the modern pharmaceutical compacting techniques used to form tablets out of powders-describing the physical structure of pharmaceutical compacts, the bonding phenomena that occur during powder compaction, and the compression mechanisms of pharmaceutical particles.