Daily, and three times on Sundays, the minds and souls of Black folk are assailed and assaulted by false religions and fictitious religious teachings which simultaneously oppress, distract and destroy our people. We need to remove their European Jesus out of the minds of our people by making them realize that, the original concept of Jesus Christ was named Heru (Horus) and by making them understand that the Jesus image that so many worship as God, is in reality Serapis Soter; a Greek creation devised under Ptolemy I. God, as we know him, is a by-product of psychological warfare. God, as most Black people know him is a fictional figment or fabrication of propaganda, invented in an iniquitous imagination. By design, the words or names God and Jesus are nothing more than weapons of propaganda which are designed to reinforce White superiority and White supremacy; while at the same time, they are designed to diminish the Afrikan by consigning us into divinely assigned inferior positions and roles utilizing subliminal, divine justifications. I and the original Afrikans call the Deity Neter, which is in fact nature itself. When you begin to reverse the psychological brainwashing process, initiated and instigated by the invaders thousands of years ago; you come to the realization that there is no God or Jesus, only Neter. Both God and Jesus are concoctions of the xenophobic racists' imaginations. Until we get those ideas out of our psyches we'll be forever trapped. Are we ever going to begin the process of reversing and undoing the counterfeit concepts, in the minds of our people, which have been deliberately put into our minds, by erroneous religious teachings, false doctrines and disadvantageous religious agendas, which have been purposely created, to place and to keep Afrikans in those destructive and dysfunctional situations, which ensure that we remain in roles and positions of inferiority in regards to White supremacy? When will we open our minds and challenge White appointed Black leaders? It is neither my mission nor my intention to make you believe anything. My objective is to provide you with information you may never be exposed to, and let you, make informed decisions based on historical facts.

Disenfranchising Democracy examines the exclusions that accompany democratization and provides a theory of the expansion and restriction of voting rights.

An enduring history of how race and class came together to mark the course of the antebellum US and our present crisis. Roediger shows that in a nation pledged to independence, but less and less able to avoid the harsh realities of wage labor, the identity of "white" came to allow many Northern workers to see themselves as having something in common with their bosses. Projecting onto enslaved people and free Blacks the preindustrial closeness to pleasure that regimented labor denied them, "white workers" consumed blackface popular culture, reshaped languages of class, and embraced racist practices on and off the job. Far from simply preserving economic advantage, white working-class racism derived its terrible force from a complex series of psychological and ideological mechanisms that reinforced stereotypes and helped to forge the very identities of white workers in opposition to Blacks. Full of insight regarding the precarious positions of not-quite-white Irish immigrants to the US and the fate of working class abolitionism, Wages of Whiteness contributes mightily and soberly to debates over the 1619 Project and critical race theory.

A study of the racial-ethnic history of the United States and the perpetuation of racial hierarchy. Race is a known fiction—there is no genetic marker that indicates someone’s race—yet the social stigma of race endures. In the United States, ethnicity is often positioned as a counterweight to race, and we celebrate our various hyphenated-American identities. But Vilna Bashi Treitler argues that we do so at a high cost: ethnic thinking simply perpetuates an underlying racism. In The Ethnic Project, Bashi Treitler considers the ethnic history of the United States from the arrival of the English in North America through to the present day. Tracing the histories of immigrant and indigenous groups—Irish, Chinese, Italians, Jews, Native Americans, Mexicans, Afro-Caribbeans, and African Americans—she shows how each negotiates America’s racial hierarchy, aiming to distance themselves from the bottom and align with the groups already at the top. But in pursuing these “ethnic projects” these groups implicitly accept and perpetuate a racial hierarchy, shoring up rather than dismantling race and racism. Ultimately, The Ethnic Project shows how dangerous ethnic thinking can be in a society that has not let go of racial thinking. Praise for The Ethnic Project “An outstanding work that makes an important contribution to our understanding of the past and present racial history of the United States. The book is very well written (Bashi Treitler’s prose is a delight to read) and meticulously researched . . . . The Ethnic Project should definitely be part of the conversation as we press forward with the task of understanding race in the United States.” —Ashley “Woody” Doane, American Journal of Sociology “Treitler offers a succinct history and diagnosis of racial grouping in the U.S., from the nation’s origin to the contemporary moment . . . . The text has solid promise as an introductory ethnic studies course reading . . . . Highly recommended.” —N. B. Barnd, CHOICE “With her ingenious concept of ‘ethnic projects,’ Vilna Bashi Treitler brings a new optic to the study of race . . . . [and] provides an authoritative answer to those who ask the tired question, ‘We made it, why haven’t they?’” —Stephen Steinberg, author of Race Relations: A Critique “Treitler masterfully weaves race and ethnicity into a single historical narrative that reveals the ugly reality of exploitation and stratification that has always undergirded American society.” —Douglas S. Massey, Princeton University

Analyzes the impact of anesthesia on nineteenth-century medicine, discusses the advantages and disadvantages of anesthesia, and explains how rules for its use were developed

No Marketing Blurb

This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. To ensure a quality reading experience, this work has been proofread and republished using a format that seamlessly blends the original graphical elements with text in an easy-to-read typeface. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.